v>* »> w &v $£ * ■*. »- V B 5 >* *j. '■ •: v j^S. **V V > .-. ■ft V '*•• >» ; v U** State of Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey Bulletin No. 16 GUIDE TO THE INSECTS OF CONNECTICUT PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF WILTON EVERETT BRITTON, Ph.D., State Entomologist, and Entomologist of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. PART I GENERAL INTRODUCTION By WILTON EVERETT BRITTON PART II THE EUPLEXOPTERA AND ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT By BENJAMIN HOVEY WALDEN, B.Agr., Assistant in Entomology, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. w \ ^ BULLETINS OF THE State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut. • 1. First Biennial Report of the Commissioners of the State Geological and Natural History Survey, 1903- 1904. 2. A Preliminary Report on the Protozoa of the Fresh Waters of Connecticut: by Herbert William Conn. [Out of print.] 3. A Preliminary Report of the Hymeniales of Connecticut: by Edward Albert White. [Out of print. 1 4. The Clays and Clay Industries of Connecticut: by Gerald Francis Loughlin. 5. The Ustilaginea?, or Smuts, of Connecticut: by George Perkins Clinton. 6. Manual of the Geology of Connecticut : by William North Rice and Herbert Ernest Gregory. 7. Preliminary Geological Map of Connecticut: by Herbert Ernest Gregory and Henry Hollister Robinson. 8. Bibliography of Connecticut Geology: by Herbert Ernest Gregory. 9. Second Biennial Report of the Commissioners of the State Geological and Natural History Survey, 1905-1906. 10. A preliminary Report on the Algae of the Fresh Waters of Connecticut: by Herbert William Conn and Lucia Washburn (Hazen) Webster. 11. The Bryophytes of Connecticut: by Alexander William Evans and George Elwood Nichols. 12. Third Biennial Report of the Commissioners of the State Geological and Natural History Survey, 1907-1908. 13. The Lithology of Connecticut: by Joseph Barrell and Gerald Francis Loughlin. 14. Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and _ Ferns of Connecticut growing without cultivation : by a Committee of the Connecticut Botanical Society. 15. Second Report on the Hymeniales of Connecticut: by Edward Albert White. 16. Guide to the Insects of Connecticut: prepared under the direction of Wilton Everett Britton. Part I. General Introduc- tion: by Wilton Everett Britton. Part II. The Euplexoptera and Orthoptera of Connecticut: by Benjamin Hovey Walden. 17. Fourth Biennial Report of the Commissioners of the State Geological and Natural History Survey, 1909-1910. Bulletins 1, 9, 12, and 17 are merely adimnistrative reports, containing no scientific matter. The other bulletins may be classi- fied as follows: Geology: Bulletins 4, 6, 7, 8, 13. Botany: Bulletins 3, 5, 10, 11, 14, 15- Zoology: Bulletins 2, 16. These bulletins are sold and otherwise distributed by the State Librarian. Postage, when bulletins are sent by mail, is as follows: No. 1, $0.01; No. 2f ; No. 3f ; No. 4, .06; No. 5, .03; No. 6, .12; No. 7, .06; No. 8, .05 ; No. 9, .02; No. 10, .08; No. n, 07; No. 12, .02: No. 13, .08; No. 14, .15; No. 15, .06; No. 16,-07; No. 17, .02. The prices when the bulletins are sold are as follows (including postage) : No. 1, $0.05; No. 2f ; No. 3f ; No. 4, .30; N0.5, .15 ; No. 6, .50; No. 7, .60* : No. 8, .20 ; No. 9, .05 ; No. 10, .35; No. 11, .30; No. 12, .05; No. 13, .40; No. 14, .75; No. 15, .35; No. 16, .35; No. 17, .05. t Bulletins 1-5 are bound as Volume I. The price of this volume is $1.50. Bulletins 6-12 are bound as Volume II. The price of this volume is $2.45. Bulletins 13-15 are bound as Vol- ume III. The price of this volume is $2.50. Other volumes will follow. It is intended to follow a liberal policy in gratuitously dis- tributing these publications to public libraries, colleges, and scientific institutions, and to scientific men, teachers, and others who require particular bulletins for their work, especially to those who are citizens of Connecticut. Applications or inquiries should be addressed to George S. Godard, State Librarian, Hartford, Conn. * If map is mounted as a wall map, and sent by express, $1.60. t Bulletins Nos. 2 and 3 are out of print and can be furnished only as volume 1. CATALOGUE SLIPS. Connecticut. State geological and natural history survey Bulletin No. 16. Guide to the insects of Connect- icut. Prepared under the direction of W. E. Britton. Part I. General introduction. By W. E. Britton. Part II. The euplexoptera and orthoptera of Connecticut. By B. H. Walden. Hartford, 1911. 169 pp., IJ P ls -> 66 figs. (1 map), 23 era . Britton, Wilton Everett. Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Prepared under the direction of Wilton Everett Britton. Part I. General introduction. By Wilton Everett Britton. Part II. The euplexoptera and orthoptera of Connect- icut. By Benjamin Hovey Walden. Hartford, 1911. 169 pp., 11 pis., 66 figs. (1 map), 23 cm . ( Bulletin no. 16, Connecticut geological and natural history survey.) CATALOGUE SLIPS. \\ allien, Benjamin Hovey. Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Prepared under the direction of Wilton Everett Britton. Part I. General introduction. By Wilton Everett Britton. Part II. The euplexoptera and orthoptera of Connect- icut. By Benjamin Hovey Walden. Hartford, 1911. 169 pp. , 11 pis. , 66 figs. ( 1 map ), 23 em . (Bulletin no. i6, Connecticut geological and natural history survey.) Zoology. Britton, W. E., and Walden, B. H. Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Prepared under the direction of W. E. Britton. Part I. General introduction. By W. E. Britton. Part II. The euplexoptera and orthoptera of Connecticut. By B. H. Walden. Hartford, 1911. 169pp., IJ P ls -> 66 fi S s - ( J ma P)> 2 3 cm - (Bulletin no. 16, Connecticut geological and natural history survey.) CATALOGUE SLIPS. Insects. Britton, W. E., and Walden, B. H. Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Prepared under the direction of W. E. Britton. Part I. General introduction. By W. E. Britton. Part II. The euplexoptera and orthoptera of Connecticut. By B. H. Walden. Hartford, 1911. 169 pp., 11 pis., 66 figs. ( 1 map), 23 cm . (Bulletin no. 16, Connecticut geological and natural history survey.) JS>iaie of ©ormeclicxtf PUBLIC DOCUMENT No. 47 State Geological and Natural History Survey COMMISSIONERS Simeon Eben Baldwin, Governor of Connecticut (Chairman) ARTHUR TWINING HadLEY, President of Yale University William Arnold Shanklin, President of Wesleyan University Flavel Sweeten Luther, President of Trinity College (Secretary) Charles Lewis Beach, President of Connecticut Agricultural College SUPERINTENDENT William North Rice Bulletin No. 16 HARTFORD Printed for the State Geological and Natural History Survey 1911 Publication Approved by The Board of Control The Case, Lockwood & Brainard Co., Hartford, Conn. . GUIDE TO THE Insects of Connecticut PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF WILTON EVERETT BRITTON, Ph. D., State Entomologist, and Entomologist of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Part I GENERAL INTRODUCTION By WILTON EVERETT BRITTON PART II THE EUPLEXOPTERA AND ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT By BENJAMIN HOVEY WALDEN, B. Agr., Assistant in Entomology, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station HARTFORD Printed for the State Geological and Natural History Survey 1911 CONTENTS. PAGE Part I. General Introduction . . . . .13 Bibliography of the more important Works relating to North American Entomology . . . . .14 Abundance of Insects . . . . . .16 Habits and Haunts of Insects . . . . .17 Distribution of Insects, and the Life Zones of Connecticut 19 Economic Status of Insects . . . . .21 Characters that distinguish Insects from other Animals . 26 External Structure of Insects . . . . .27 Internal Anatomy . . . . . .29 Senses of Insects ....... 30 Growth and Metamorphoses of Insects . . -3° Classification of Insects ... ... 34 Part II. Euplexoptera and Orthoptera of Connecticut 39 Introduction . . . . . . .41 Order Euplexoptera . . . . . 44 Order Orthoptera . . . . . 48 Sub-order Non-Saltatoria . . . . 52 Sub-order Saltatoria . . . . .62 Bibliography . . . . . . .163 Index ........ 167 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. I. Eggs, Pupae, and Cocoons of Insects II. Larvae of Insects III. Odonata, Orthoptera, Neuroptera, Hemiptera IV. Lepidoptera V. Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera VI. Mantidae, Locustidae VII. Forficulidae, Blattidae, Phasmidae, Acrididae VIII. Acrididae IX. Acrididae X. Acrididae, Locustidae XI. Locustidae, Gryllidae FIGURES IN THE TEXT. PAGE 1. Map of Connecticut, showing the Life Zones in the State 21 2. The four stages in the Life Cycle of an Insect : Gypsy Moth, Porthetria dispar . . . . . .31 3. Egg mass of Tent Caterpillar on apple twig . . 32 4. Mdanoplus bivittatus. Diagram showing principal parts of a locust . . . . . . .48 5. Nomotettix cristatus. Lateral and dorsal views of head . 66 6. Nomotettix cristatus. Lateral view, showing crest of pro- notum and sinuses of lateral lobes . . .66 7. Nomotettix cristatus. Cross section of body . . 66 8. Tettix ornatus. Lateral and dorsal views of head . . 68 9. Tettix ornatus. Sinuses of lateral lobes of pronotum . 68 10. Tettix granulatus. Lateral and dorsal views of head; . 68 11. Paratettix cucullatus. Lateral and dorsal views of head . 69 12. Tettigidea parvipennis. Dorsal view of head . . 70 13. a, Antenna of Pseudopomala brachyptera; b, Antenna of Tryxalis brevicornis . . . . -73 14. Tryxalis brevicornis. a, Lateral view of tip of female abdo- men ; b, Ventral view of tip of male abdomen . . 73 15. Pseudopomala brachyptera. a, Lateral view of tip of female abdomen ; b, Ventral view of tip of male abdomen . 74 8 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. PAGE 1 6. Eritettix carinatus. Dorsal view of head and pronotum of male .....••• 75 17. Disk and cross section of pronotum. a, Dichromorpha viridis; b, Clinocephalus elegans . . . 76 18. Lateral view of pronotum. a, Dichromorpha viridis; b, Orphulella pelidna . . . . . 76 19. Dorsal view of head of male, a, Orphulella pelidna; b, O. speciosa; c, 0. olivacea . . . . .78 20. Disk of pronotum, female, a, Orphulella pelidna; b, O. speciosa; c, O. olivacea . . . . 78 21. Orphulella pelidna, female. Head, from side . . 79 22. Chloealtis conspersa, female. Tip of abdomen, from side . 82 23. Chloealtis conspersa, male. Tegmen . . . .82 24. Stenobothrus curtipennis. Head of female, from above . 83 25. Mecostethus platypterus. a, Ventral view of tip of male abdomen ; b, Disk of pronotum, female. M. lineatus. c, Disk of pronotum, female . . . .85 26. Lateral view of pronotum. a, Arphia sulphurea, male; b, Arphia xanthoptera, male . . . . .88 27. Arphia sulphurea, male. Wing ; s/s, subfrontal shoot . 89 28. Lateral view of head and pronotum. a, Hippiscus rugosus, female ; b, H. tuberculatus, female ; . .94 29. Lateral view, and disk, of pronotum, female, a, Spharage mon bolli; b, S. collare scudderi; c, S. saxatile . . 97 30. Spharagemon bolli. Head and pronotum of female, from side ........ 100 31. Scirtetica marmorata. Head and pronotum of female from side ........ 101 32. Scirtetica marmorata, male. Distal part of wing . . 101 33. Psinidia fenestralis, male. Distal part of wing . . 103 34. Circotettix verruculatus, male. Wing . . .105 35. Head and pronotum of male, from above, a, Schistocerca rubiginosa ; b, S. alutacea . . . . .107 36. Egg-mass of Melanoplus sp. . . . . .hi 37. Lateral view of female pronotum. a, Melanoplus mancus; b, M. scudderi . . • . . • 1 1 5 38. Tegmen of female, a, Melanoplus mancus; b, M. scudderi. Cercus of male, c, M. mancus; d, M. scudderi . . 115 39. Lateral view of female pronotum. a, Melanoplus atlanis; b, M. luridus . . . • • .117 40. Melanoplus atlanis. a, Cercus of male ; b, Ovipositor of female . . • • • • 1I 7 41. Prosternal spine of female, a, Melanoplus femur-rubrum; b, M. atlanis ' . • • . . "7 NO. l6.] INSECTS OF CONNECTICUT. 9 PAGE 42. Mdanoplus femur -rub rum. a, Cercus of male; b, Ovipositor of female . . . . • . .118 43. Mdanoplus femur-rubrum, female. Meso- and metasterna; interspace longitudinal . . . . .118 44. Melanoplus fasciatus. a, Cercus of male; b Meso- and metasterna of female ; interspace transverse . . 119 45. Melanoplus minor, a, Cercus of male ; b, Ovipositor of female . . . . . • • IJ 9 46. Melanoplus luridus. a, Cercus of male ; b, Ovipositor of female . . . . . . .120 47. Melanoplus bivittatus. Cercus of male . . .121 48. Melanoplus punctulatus. a, Cercus of male ; b, Ovipositor of female . . . . • • .122 49. Scudderia texensis. Tip of male abdomen, a, Lateral view; b, Dorsal view of anal segment . . .126 50. Scudderia curvicauda. Tip of male abdomen, a, Lateral view ; b, Dorsal view of anal segment . . .127 51. Scudderia pistillata. Tip of male abdomen, a, Lateral view ; b, Dorsal view of anal segment . . .128 52. Scudderia furcata. Tip of male abdomen, a, Lateral view; b, Dorsal view of anal segment . . .128 53. Scudderia septentrionalis. Tip of male abdomen. a, Lateral view; b, Dorsal view of anal segment . .129 54. Conocephalus ensiger, male. Dorsal view of vertex . ^33 55. Conocephalus ensiger, male. Under side of tip of cone . 133 56. Conocephalus exiliscanorus, male. Dorsal view of vertex . 1 34 57. Conocephalus robustus, male. Dorsal view of vertex . 135 58. Conocephalus triops, male. Dorsal view of vertex . 135 59. Conocephalus triops. Under side of tip of cone . . 135 60. Eggs of tree cricket in peach twig, a, Twig showing punctures ; b, Twig cut to show the eggs . . 148 61. CEcanthus niveus. Basal joints of antenna, showing mark- ings . . . . . . • l S7 62. CEcanthus angustipennis. Basal joints of antenna, showing markings . . . . . . .158 63. CEcanthus excla?nationis. Basal joints of antenna, showing markings . . . . . . .158 64. CEcanthus fasciatus. Basal joints of antenna, showing markings . . . . . • • J 59 65. CEcanthus quadripunctatus. Basal joints of antenna, showing markings . . . . . . • x 59 66. CEcanthus pint. Basal joints of antenna, showing mark- ings ........ 160 Part I General Introduction BY WILTON EVERETT BRITTON GUIDE TO THE INSECTS OF CON- NECTICUT. PART I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. The present paper is the first of a series dealing with insects, in which it is expected that ultimately the whole subject may be treated. The desirability of a published guide to the insects occurring within the boundaries of the state is beyond question ; and this should include such notes regarding their characters, distribution, and habits as may prove helpful in recognizing them, so that if harmful they may be combated, or if beneficial they may be encouraged. It is impossible at the present time to prepare any accurate account of the species of all orders of insects found in Connecticut, because little attention has been given to some groups, and collections have not yet been made. Probably the most feasible plan will be to take up separately the insects in each order, or in some cases a single family may become the subject of a separate bulletin. Those groups which have received the most attention by collectors and students will naturally be the first to receive treatment ; but the work must be regarded as preliminary, as it will require the efforts of many years to make it even approximately complete in all particulars. The authority for including certain species of insects as oc- curring within the boundaries of the state is based upon Connecticut material in the insect collection of the Agricultural Experiment Station at New Haven. The material has been ac- cumulating for sixteen years, though the chief portion of it has been collected during the past nine years. Other important collections are those of the United States National Museum, Washington ; American Entomological Society, Philadelphia ; American Museum of Natural History, New York; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. ; Boston Society of 14 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Natural History, Boston ; and Peabody Museum of Yale Univer- sity, New Haven: all of which contain more or less material from Connecticut, the records from which have been freely used. Many private collections will probably be mentioned in the separate accounts of the orders. It is well-nigh impossible for such a work as is here pro- jected to be accurately carried out by any one person. The aid of specialists will therefore be invoked, in the belief that their cooperation will make the work much more complete and ac- curate than would be possible otherwise. Full credit will be given for such assistance. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE MORE IMPORTANT WORKS RELATING TO NORTH AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGY. General. Manual for the Study of Insects, by J. H. and A. B. Comstock. vii + 701 pages, 6 plates, 797 figures. Comstock Publishing Co., Ithaca, N. Y. 1895. Guide to the Study of Insects, by A. S. Packard, x + 715 pages, 15 plates, 668 figures. Henry Holt & Co., New York. Ninth edition, 1889. The Insect Book, by L. O. Howard, xxvii + 429 pages, 48 plates, 264 figures. Doubleday, Page & Co., New York. 1901. Contains bibliog- raphy and many colored plates. American Insects, by V. L. Kellogg, vii + 674 pages, 13 plates, 812 figures. Henry Holt & Co., New York. 1905. Text-Book of Entomology, by A. S. Packard, xvii + 729 pages, 654 figures. The Macmillan Co., New York. 1898. Especially devoted to structure and physiology, and contains bibliography. Entomology with Special Reference to its Biological and Economic Aspects, by J. W. Folsom. vii 4- 485 pages, 5 plates, 300 figures. P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia, 1906. Especially devoted to structure and development, and contains bibliography. American Entomology, by Thomas Say. 2 volumes. 54 plates, 412 + 814 pages. Le Conte edition, 1869. Elements of Insect Anatomy, by J. H. Comstock and V. L. Kellogg. 145 pages, 11 figures. Comstock Publishing Co., Ithaca, N. Y. Third edition, 1901. Insects of New Jersey, by J. B. Smith. 755 pages, 329 figures. New Jersey State Board of Agriculture. 1899. An annotated and illus- trated list of the insects of the state. Explanation of Terms Used in Entomology, by J. B. Smith, vii + 154 pages, 4 plates. Published by the Brooklyn Entomological Society, Brooklyn, N. Y. 1906. No. l6.] INSECTS OF CONNECTICUT. 1 5 Journals. Canadian Entomologist (monthly), Volumes 1-40, 1869-date. London, Ontario, Canada. Entomological News (ten numbers annually), Volumes 1-19, 1890-date. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Psyche (bi-monthly, Volumes 1-15, 1877-date. Cambridge Entomo- logical Club, Cambridge, Mass. Journal of the New York Entomological Society (quarterly), Volumes 1-16, 1893-date. Published by the Society, New York. Reports of Ontario Entomological Society. 38 volumes, 1870-date. Index volumes 1-30. Published by the Ontario Department of Agriculture. Bulletin Brooklyn Entomological Society, Volumes 1-7, 1878-1884. Pub- lished by the Society, Brooklyn, N. Y. Entomologica Americana, Volumes 1-6, 1885-1890. Published by Brook- lyn Entomological Society, Brooklyn, N. Y. Proceedings Washington Entomological Society, Volumes 1-10, 1884-date. Published by the Society, Washington, D. C. Proceedings Entomological Society of Philadelphia, Volumes 1-6, 1861- 1867. Published by the Society, Philadelphia, Pa. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, Volumes 1-35, 1867- date. Published by the Society, Philadelphia, Pa. Economic. Insects Injurious to Vegetation, by T. W. Harris, xi + 640 pages, 8 plates, 278 figures. Crosby & Nichols, Boston. Flint edition, 1863. Economic Entomology, by J. B. Smith, xii + 481 pages, 483 figures. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia. 1896. Our Insect Friends and Enemies, by J. B. Smith. 314 pages, 121 figures. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia. 1909. Insects Injurious to Fruits, by W. Saunders. 436 pages, 440 figures. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia. Second edition, 1900. Insects and Insecticides, by C. M. Weed. 334 pages. Orange Judd Co., New York. Injurious Insects and the Use of Insecticides, by F. W. Sempers. x + 216 pages, 184 figures. W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Phila. 1894. Insects Injurious to Staple Crops, by E. D. Sanderson, x + 295 pages, 162 figures. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 1902. Insects Injurious to Vegetables, by F. H. Chittenden, xiv + 262 pages, 163 figures, bibliography. Orange Judd Co., New York. 1907. Bibliography of Economic Entomology, by S. Henshaw and N. Banks. Parts 1-8, 1890-1905. Published by U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Reports on the Noxious, Beneficial, and Other Insects of Missouri, by C. V. Riley, 1-9 with index, 1869- 1877. United States Entomological Commission, Reports 1-5, 1877-1890. Pub- lished by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. l6 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Insect Life. 7 volumes with index. Published periodically by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 1888-1895. Bulletins 1-33; N. S., 1-89, Bureau of Entomology: 1895-date. Index volumes 1-30. Bulls. 24 and 81 contain bibliography. Also Circulars 1-96, Technical Bulletins 1-14, and Farmers' Bulletins. Published by U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Noxious Insects of New York, by A. Fitch. Reports 1-14. Published by the New York Agricultural Society. 1856-1870. Reports of State Entomologist of New York. 22 Volumes. 1-13 by J. A. Lintner, 13-22 by E. P. Felt. 1882-date. Reports on Insects of Illinois. 23 volumes. Vol. 1 by B. D. Walsh, 1867. 2-5 by Wm. Le Baron, 1868-1874- 6-9 by C. Thomas, 1875-1880. 10-22 by S. A. Forbes, 1880-1905. Reports and Bulletins of the State Agricultural Experiment Stations contain much entomological matter. The publications of the Con- necticut Station at New Haven contain the nine reports of the State Entomologist (1901-1909) which deal with Connecticut insects. Journal of Economic Entomology (bi-monthly, started in 1908). Official organ of the Association of Economic Entomologists, containing the proceedings of the association. (Previously the proceedings were printed in Insect Life, and as Bulletins of the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.) The publications here listed do not include those of a special nature such as the monographs of separate orders or families of insects. These will doubtless be listed in the future publica- tions referring to the various groups. Any one wishing to learn about these special lists and monographic papers may consult the bibliographies in Howard's Insect Book and in Bulletins 24 and 81 of the v Bureau of Entomology. ABUNDANCE OF INSECTS. Insects are of small size, and are among the most abundant of animals. Not only are the individuals very numerous, but the number of species is probably greater than that of all other land arimals. About 400,000 species have been described through- out the world, and it has been estimated that several million species exist. For a given locality the number of species is much less, yet some parts of the world are almost wholly un- explored as regards insect life. The number of species that occur in Connecticut is of course much smaller than that of the whole continent, and may be expected to aggregate between 6,000 and 10,000. No. l6.] INSECTS OF CONNECTICUT. 1 7 Though found all over the earth, even in the arctic regions, insects are most abundant in the tropics. It is here also that we find the largest and most brilliantly colored species. But some of our own species are no less interesting, if less gorgeous. HABITS AND HAUNTS OF INSECTS. Most species of insects are terrestrial, though many forms are aquatic, the familiar examples being water bugs and water beetles. Certain other insects, like dragon-flies, caddis-flies, stone-flies, may-flies, mosquitoes, and some other Diptera, are aquatic during the larval stage, but fly about in the air as adults. A large proportion of the various kinds of insects feed upon living plant tissues, either destroying the foliage, or boring in the wood of the stem, root, or branches. Others live in the soil and devour small roots of trees and plants. Dead and decaying plant tissues also form the food of a large number of species, and such conditions are found chiefly in connection with the soil. We find also in the soil certain other kinds that do not eat plant tissues, but feed upon the animal life therein ; such insects preying upon other living forms are said to be predaceous or predatory, and may attack other kinds of insects or perhaps certain other small animals. Beetles of the family Carabidse are a good example, though some kinds are not always found in the soil, but frequent trees and fly about in the air in search of their prey. Some of the two-winged flies (order Diptera) and hornets (order Hymenoptera) have the same habit. Beetles of the families Silphidse and Staphylinidae are known as carrion beetles, and, in company with two-winged flies known as carrion flies, are found about dead animals of all kinds. The beetles feed upon the decaying animal matter, and the flies breed therein, their larvae feeding upon it. A host of the insects are animal parasites. The biting lice or bird lice (order Mallophaga) and the sucking lice of mammals (order Hemiptera) are small insects, mostly light colored or transparent, feeding upon the blood or skin of the host, and frequenting the most protected parts of the body, where they crawl about among the hairs. Other parasites of a similar nature are the sheep ticks (order Diptera) and fleas (order 1 8 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Siphonaptera) . The bot-flies (order Diptera) are internal para- sites, the eggs being laid upon hairs and taken into the stomach of the host through the mouth ; the larval stage is passed in the host. Many four-winged flies (order Hymenoptera) and two- winged flies (order Diptera) are parasitic upon other insects. The tgg is usually laid on or in the body of the larva of the host; and, after hatching, the young grubs or maggots feed therein until ready to transform, the host usually living just long enough to mature the parasites. By far the greater part of these insects are of small size and belong to a group commonly known as parasitic Hymenoptera. In nature we find a balance between host and parasite. A certain species may, on account of abundance of food, become prevalent, and, if parasites are scarce, it will increase in numbers rapidly; but, when it becomes prevalent, it in turn furnishes for the parasites an abundant supply of food, which, other things being equal, enables them to multiply rapidly and soon over- take their host in point of numbers and finally subdue it. The host will then be scarce for a period, and on account of lack of food the parasites must of necessity be kept in check until again the host becomes abundant, when a corresponding increase in parasites will follow. Thus host and parasites play a veritable game of see-saw with each other in scarcity and abundance. Under these conditions no species is allowed to dominate the earth, but in the long run every species is kept in check by natural enemies. The illustrations here given refer only to simple parasitism. In nature the case is usually much more complex, because the primary parasites are attacked by other parasites which are known as secondary parasites. The latter in turn may be parasitized by tertiary parasites, and so on. The term hyper- parasite includes all except the primary parasite. Nevertheless, in spite of the complexity, nature is able to preserve a sort of balance between her various organisms. It is only when nature's balance is disturbed that we find certain species overrunning the earth and crowding out others. Man has been the disturbing factor, by cutting off the forests and native vegetation, thus destroying food supply ; by growing large No. l6.] INSECTS OF CONNECTICUT. 19 areas devoted to a single crop; by carrying insects from one part of the world to another in connection with the trans- portation of products carried on by his commercial enterprise. Usually, when insects are transported to a new country, their parasites and other natural enemies are left behind ; hence, when they become established, they are able to multiply with great rapidity, and often do much damage. Such has been the history of the gypsy moth, the elm-leaf beetle, the cabbage worm, the San Jose scale, and a score or more of other pests. Some of the bees, wasps, and ants (order Hymenoptera) and the termites or white ants (order Neuroptera) are social in their habits, and live together in colonies, each colony occupy- ing a nest. There is one queen in each colony, sometimes more than one, and the queen lays the eggs to increase the colony. In these communities of social insects the males are often called drones. Their function is to fertilize the queen ; there are usually complemental females which are capable of reproduction in case the queen perishes. The great majority of the members of these colonies are called workers or neuters, but are really females imperfectly developed. They serve the community by feeding and caring for the young and by building the nests. Most insects are not social, and do not live together in colonies, though many are gregarious to the extent that those hatching from a single egg-mass deposited by the female parent remain and feed together during a portion or the whole of their larval development. Many insects are solitary, and are not found together at all except perhaps when in search of food. DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS, AND THE LIFE ZONES OF CONNECTICUT. It has long been known that natural laws govern the dis- tribution of native insects as well as of other animals and plants. For instance, we find vegetation on the mountain tops quite different from that growing in the valleys, and the flora of a desert in no wise resembles that of a swamp. In like manner we should expect to find faunal areas containing certain forms or species of insects which differ from the species occurring in other regions where the climatic conditions are different. In- sects of the marsh along the coast are not the same as those of the high mountains, and those of the tropics are entirely dif- 20 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. ferent from those of the arctic regions. Thus latitude and altitude, as they affect temperature, and moisture or the lack of it, exercise important influences upon the distribution of insects. In order to designate approximately the various natural areas of the United States in connection with the distribution of organisms, we speak of the Boreal, Austral, and Tropical regions. Each region is further divided into zones, beginning at the north, as follows: Arctic- Alpine zone, which is above the limit of tree growth; Hudsonian, extending from Labrador to Alaska, and including the northern portion of the great forests of spruce and fir ; Canadian, comprising the southern portion of the conif- erous forests, and the greater part of Canada, northern New England, the Adirondacks and high mountains of the Alle- ghanies, northern Michigan and Minnesota, and the higher parts of the Rocky Mountain region. The Transition zone is considered as marking the region where the Boreal and Austral elements overlap ; and takes in most of the New England territory and the Alleghanian region, extending across the northern part of the United States, and includes also the greater portion of the Rocky Mountain region except the low valleys and deserts, which belong to the Austral, and the high mountains, which belong to the Canadian zone. The eastern portion of the Transition zone, which is humid, is often called the Alleghanian, in contradistinc- tion to the more arid western or Pacific Coast Transition. The Upper Austral zone extends along the coast from Southern New England to Chesapeake Bay, and then southward each side of the mountain region and westward through the Central States and the valleys of the Rocky Mountain region. The eastern por- tion is often called the Carolinian zone. The Lower Austral extends from Chesapeake Bay along the coast to Mexico, and includes portions of Arizona and southern California. Any one interested in these life zones, and the fauna, flora, and agricultural crops peculiar to each, should procure a copy of Dr. C. Hart Merriam's bulletin,* which explains the matter more fully and contains a map showing the extent of each zone. In order to show the relation of these zones to Connecticut, the accompanying map (see Fig. i) has been adapted from Dr. *Life Zones and Crop Zones. Bulletin No. 10, Division of Biological Survey, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, 1898. No. 16.] INSECTS OF CONNECTICUT. 21 Merriam's map, and references to these zones will be found in the forthcoming papers. The reader will notice that the Upper Austral extends over a narrow area along the coast and up the Connecticut River beyond the northern boundary of the state, and that the remaining portion is Transition. Very little field work has been done in Connecticut to establish the limits of these zones ; but we find that certain species occur along the valleys of the Housatonic, Naugatuck, and Quinnipiac Rivers much farther north than the limits of the Austral zone as shown by the map. As these species do not occur in other Transition portions of the state, it is expected that the map must be modified considerably after further study of the plants and animals. 1 1 1 \ — 1 • --' 1 f E 1 1 1 rrOLLANDi" wmDHAtn LITCHFIELD ..3* i A "\ \ HARTfi • « ^ |^gV"i NEW LONDON n| FAIRFlELDjl^^Bjl| i Fig. i. Map of Connecticut showing the Life Zones in the State. The shaded portion represents the Upper Austral, and the unshaded portion the Transition. (Adapted from the map of Dr. C. Hart Merriam.) ECONOMIC STATUS OF INSECTS. Man is accustomed to classify insects as injurious or bene- ficial to human interests. In general, people regard insects as being injurious, and give them little credit for the benefits which mankind derives from them. A few years ago Dr. L. O. 22 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Howard, in an address before the Washington Biological Society, pointed out those families of insects which could be called dis- tinctly injurious or distinctly beneficial, and found that they were about equally divided, as follows : Injurious, . . 116 families. Beneficial, . . 113 Both, or undetermined, 71 « 300 4. It will be seen at a glance, therefore, that there are about as many insects which are distinctly beneficial to man as there are which cause him injury. The great majority of insects are neither friends nor foes to man in any important degree, but each species fills a place perhaps no less important in relation to other organisms. How Insects are Injurious. Insects are regarded as injurious if they destroy crops, like the potato beetle, and if, like the elm-leaf beetle, they attack highly prized shade trees, or, in fact, any other plant life which seems desirable to man. This is perhaps the most important injury caused by insects, and it has been estimated that fully one-tenth of all the agricultural crops of the United States, or a value of more than $700,000,000, is annually destroyed by insects. Methods of spraying and other forms of remedial treat- ment have been devised to prevent or check such destruction, and this phase of the subject has reached a higher development in the United States than elsewhere. Certain kinds of insects also cause injury to stored foods, books, and clothes, and to dwelling houses. Other kinds attack live stock and other useful animals, and a few species annoy man. Recently it has been discovered that insects are more important as carriers of disease than was formerly supposed. Certain mosquitoes are the essential hosts of the malarial para- site, and it is only through their bites that these parasites are naturally transferred to man. Another kind likewise transmits yellow fever through its bites, and the disease called elephan- tiasis is transmitted to man by mosquito infection. Xo. l6.] INSECTS OF CONNECTICUT. 23 Germs of many intestinal diseases, like cholera and typhoid fever, and of other germ diseases, like bubonic plague and an- thrax, are often carried mechanically on the feet or body of the common house fly, which breeds in and frequents foul matter, and then crawls over food. Both food and foul matter should be inaccessible to flies. Certain gadflies are known to carry diseases of cattle. Methods of Controlling Injurious Insects. The insect enemies of crops may be divided roughly into two classes: (i) those which bite or chew their food, and (2) those which suck out the plant juices for nourishment. To the former class belong those insects which devour portions of the plant, such as the borers, and all leaf-eating forms like the Colorado potato beetle, the elm-leaf beetle, canker-worms, the gypsy moth, and many others. The insects of the latter class, though less evident, are no less destructive, and include the San Jose and all other scale insects, and the aphids or plant lice. Pests are commonly controlled by spraying, and by me- chanical means such as traps, barriers, etc. Spraying with in- ternal poisons is the best means of destroying the leaf-eating insects, and for this purpose Paris green and lead arsenate are used. The formulas are given herewith: Lead Arsenate Paris Green Lead arsenate 3 lbs. Paris green 1 lb. Water 50 gals. Lime 3 lbs. Water 100 gals. Lead arsenate is manufactured in paste form, will adhere much longer to the foliage, remains better in suspension, and causes no injury to the foliage even when used in excessive quantities. Paris green, on the other hand, is a dry powder, and may be mixed with land plaster or air-slaked lime and sifted upon the plants. It contains some free acid which is liable to injure foliage, settles quickly in water, and washes off easily. The addition of lime improves the sticking qualities, and neutralizes the free acid, and thus prevents injury to the foliage. These poisons may be, and often are, used in Bordeaux mixture in orchard practice. Bordeaux mixture is a fungicide 24 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. composed of copper sulphate and lime, and the lime being in excess prevents any injury occurring from the Paris green. Hellebore acts as an internal poison and also as an external irritant, and is especially effective when used against the larvae of sawflies, such as the imported currant worm. Hellebore may be used as a dry powder, or mixed with water in the ratio of one ounce to two gallons. Sucking insects must be killed by other methods, as they insert their tiny beaks into the tissues and suck out the sap, and would not therefore obtain poison which was applied to the surface of the leaves. It is necessary to destroy them by some application which on coming in direct contact with their bodies will kill, either by irritating or corroding them, or by stopping up their breathing pores and suffocating them. Various oil emulsions have the latter effect, and soap mixtures act in both ways, especially if they contain free potash. Kerosene emulsion may be made as follows : Kerosene 2 gals. Common soap y 2 lb. Water 1 gal. Dissolve the soap in hot water, add the kerosene, and churn together until a white, creamy mass is formed which thickens on cooling. Dilute with nine times the amount of water before using. Common laundry soap dissolved in the ratio of one pound in eight gallons of water is an excellent contact insecticide, and is effective against most plant lice. For several years the lime and sulphur mixture has been the chief remedy for trees infested by the San Jose scale insect, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst. Lime and Sulphur Mixture Fresh finishing lime 20 lbs. Fine sulphur flour 14 lbs. Water 40 gals. Boil one hour, and apply while fresh to dormant trees. The so-called " soluble " or miscible oils which are now being recommended instead of the lime and sulphur mixture, are really emulsions. NO. l6.] INSECTS OF CONNECTICUT. 25 Insecticides are usually applied in the form of a spray, by means of a pump. In large orchards power sprayers are in vogue, but for smaller operations hand pumps are preferable. Advice regarding the most desirable forms of spraying ap- paratus may be obtained from any agricultural experiment station. Other control methods consist in the use of poisoned bait, traps, sticky bands, hopper-dozers, and barriers, but these are for special use against certain kinds of insects. Crop rotation and cultural methods are practiced to forestall injury by certain species. Poisonous gases are also employed when they prove effective and inexpensive, — as in fumigating nursery stock and greenhouses with hydrocyanic acid gas to kill the San Jose scale, and in treating stored grain with carbon disulphide to kill the insects infesting it. With certain other pests it is necessary to destroy their breed- ing places in order to control them. This is done in case of mosquitoes, certain kinds of which transmit yellow fever and malaria to man through their bites. It has recently been dis- covered that bubonic plague is transmitted to man through the bites of certain kinds of fleas which naturally live upon rats. The destruction of the rats is therefore the chief preventive measure in regions where this disease is prevalent. How bisects are Beneficial. The greatest benefit which man derives from insects is through the part which insects play in plant pollination. A large pro- portion of plants, including some of the fruits and other culti- vated crops, depend on insects to carry pollen from one plant to another. Without these insects there could be no crop. Insects aid man by destroying other insects and plants which are in- jurious or undesirable. To some extent they are scavengers and makers of soil, whereas to a large extent they serve as food for birds and fishes, and to a limited extent as food for man. Honey and beeswax are two important products of insects, and honey is an important addition to man's food. Wax and lac are used extensively in the arts, and silk is an extremely important material used as clothing. A large proportion of the food of poultry and song birds is composed of insects. 26 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. CHARACTERS THAT DISTINGUISH INSECTS FROM OTHER ANIMALS. Insects are articulated animals having six legs. They com- prise the class Hexapoda (Insecta) of the phylum or branch Arthropoda, to which the spiders, centipedes, and Crustacea also belong. Certain differences in structure may serve to distinguish insects from their allies, and some of these are set forth in the following table: Phylum Arthropoda. Animals with a tough or hardened exterior, transversely seg- mented, and bilaterally symmetrical. 1 . Respiration aerial, by tracheae or lungs 2 Respiration aquatic, by gills or by the general integu- ment ; two pairs of antennae ; head and thorax usually consolidated Crustacea 2. Head distinct 3 Head and thorax united to form cephalothorax ; ab- domen distinct ; antennae wanting ; eight legs . . Arachnida 3. Head, thorax, and abdomen distinct; six legs and one pair of antennae Hexapoda Thorax and abdomen not differentiated, formed of a large number of similar segments, each bearing one or two pairs of legs ; one pair of antennae. . . .Myriapoda Class Hexapoda or Insecta includes all of the insects — a class far more numerous in species than any other class of animals. Except in some specialized forms, all have six legs in the adult stage. Myriapoda. Centipedes and millipedes, commonly known as thousand-legged worms. The large number of legs and the lack of differentiation of thorax and abdomen serve to distinguish this from other classes. Arachnida. Spiders, mites, scorpions, and ticks. Though of some diversity of form, the lack of antennae and the number of legs make it easy to recognize the members of this class. Crustacea. Crayfish, lobsters, crabs, etc. Though some members of this class live out of water, they still breathe through gills or through the integument and live in moist places. The Crustacea have typically two pairs of antennae. The highest No. l6.] INSECTS OF CONNECTICUT. 2^ and best-known group represented by crabs and lobsters have ten legs ; but in the lower and less familiar groups the number of legs varies. EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF INSECTS. Generally speaking, all mature insects are covered with a hardened exoskeleton formed of chitin. This serves for the attachment of the muscles and for the protection of the vital organs. The trunk is divided into three more or less distinct regions; viz., head, thorax, and abdomen. Immature insects do not always show these divisions. Head. The head bears the eyes, the mouth-parts, and the antennae or feelers. The eyes of adult insects are usually compound; that is, made up of a large number of simple eyes placed close to- gether, each having the form of a hexagon, and the whole resembling a piece of honeycomb. The simple eyes that go to form the compound eye are known as facets, and vary from about fifty in the eyes of certain ants, to nearly a thousand, as is the case with "butterflies and dragon-flies. In addition to the compound eyes there are isolated simple eyes, called ocelli, often placed on the front of the head between the compound eyes. A pair of jointed antennae, usually situated between and in front of the compound eyes, serve as organs of touch. The an- tennae vary greatly in size and shape in the different kinds of insects, some having antennae which are filiform, some clavate, some feathery, etc. The antennae of the sexes often differ, those of the male usually being more prominent. The mouth-parts are fitted either for biting or for sucking. Biting mouth-parts consist of an upper lip (labrum) and an under lip (labium), between which are two pairs of jaws that move horizontally. The upper jaws are called mandibles, and are for tearing off the food; the lower jaws are known as maxillae, and bear jointed appendages called maxillary palpi. The labium is furnished with jointed appendages called labial palpi. Sucking mouth-parts consist of a jointed tube or proboscis 28 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. through which the liquid is drawn, often containing needle-like organs called lancets for puncturing the tissues. The proboscis is formed by a modification of either the labium or the maxillae. The structure of the mouth-parts is of great importance, not only in classification but also in practical work with insects, as the application of insecticides depends upon the structure of the mouth-parts. Thorax. The thorax is made up of three ring-like segments known respectively as pro-, meso-, and metathorax, and bears the organs of locomotion. Wings, when present, are borne dorsally by the meso- and metathorax, but one or both pairs may be absent. Flies have only the first pair of wings fitted for flight, the second pair being represented by a pair of knobbed threads, called halteres or balancers, the function of which is not well understood. In earwigs and beetles a pair of veinless horny wing covers takes the place of the first pair of wings. Grass- hoppers, crickets, and locusts have a pair of closely veined, leathery fore wings which are used in flight. The veins or nerves of the wings are designated by letters and numbers. The spaces between the veins are called cells, and are similarly designated. Wings of butterflies and moths are covered with scales, which give them their color patterns. Each segment of the thorax bears ventrally a pair of jointed legs ; each leg consists of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus. The tarsus is often many jointed and terminates in a claw. Abdomen. The abdomen bears the organs of reproduction, and is made up of simple and distinct ring-like segments, varying in the different insects from three to nine in number. In the lowest order of insects, Thysanura, are found some forms with ab- dominal legs, but in no other adult insects are locomotive organs attached to the abdomen. In caterpillars and other larval forms fleshy appendages known as prolegs or false legs are borne upon the ventral surface of the abdomen. The apex or distal extremity of the abdomen is furnished with various appendages in the different families of insects, such No. l6.] INSECTS OF CONNECTICUT. 20, as cerci, caudal setae, claspers, ovipositors, stings, and cornicles or honey tubes. INTERNAL ANATOMY. The muscles are transparent and colorless, or of a yellowish white color, those moving the body segments being fastened to the body wall. These muscles are very strong, and are capable of rapid motion. Physicists have estimated that certain gnats move their wings at the rate of 15,000 times per second, the estimate being based upon the pitch of the musical note produced. Insects breathe through a series of openings called spiracles, along the sides of the thorax and abdomen. Each segment bears two of these spiracles, one on either side, and the open- ings, though often simple, are sometimes provided with valves or fringes of hair to keep out the dust. Connecting with the spiracles are a series of air tubes or tracheae which ramify through the body of the insect. Aquatic insects are provided with special devices for respiration, most immature forms having tracheal gills, but in a few dragon-flies and some stone-flies tracheal gills are retained throughout the insect's existence. A mosquito larva has a tube at the posterior extremity of the body which is protruded from the surface of the water for the pur- pose of obtaining air. Certain aquatic Hemiptera called back- swimmers and water-boatmen carry down bubbles of air under their folded wings. The blood is a thin, watery fluid, and does not flow through a system of closed tubes, as in the higher animals, but fills the entire body cavity not occupied by other organs. There is a single longitudinal blood vessel above the alimentary canal, pulsatile in its posterior part, and provided with valves which permit the blood to move only toward the anterior extremity of the vessel, where it is discharged into the body cavity. The alimentary canal is a tube extending through the body. In adults this is much longer than the body, and is more or less folded, but in caterpillars it is only a straight tube reaching from one end of the body to the other. Fatty tissues make up a large portion of the contents of the body cavity. The nervous system in insects is more highly developed than in other invertebrates. A large ganglion in the head is ana- logous to the brain of vertebrates, and is connected with a series 3° CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. of ganglia, one for each body segment, situated beneath the alimentary canal, on the floor of the body cavity. ' All insects are developed from eggs, and in most cases oviposition takes place on or near the host or food plant. Some insects, however, retain the eggs within the oviducts until they are developed, and accordingly bring forth living young. These insects are said to be viviparous. In many of the plant lice, a number of generations are produced viviparously and without fertilization, after which another generation is produced in the normal fashion from fertilized eggs. The external reproductive organs are usually situated at the extremity of the abdomen. SENSES OF INSECTS. Insects seem not to be very sensitive to pain ; and some kinds will live for hours if head or abdomen be severed from the thorax. Sight is well developed, and the eyes are best understood of all sense organs. Though larvae have only ocelli or simple eyes, adults have also compound eyes, which are very large in dragon-flies and some other insects, enabling them to see in all directions at once. Hearing is a sense supposed to be possessed by insects from the fact that many species sing or stridulate. The ears of grass- hoppers are on each side of the basal segment of the abdomen, and crickets have them on the tibiae of the fore legs. Taste is unquestionably a matter of fact in insect life, be- cause the various species are able to discriminate between foods, though perhaps attracted to their food by the sense of smell, which is very highly developed. There is no organ correspond- ing to a nose, but the sense of smell is supposed to be situated in the antennae, and males have it developed more highly than females; by it the former are able to find the latter, and both sexes find their food even by night. GROWTH AND METAMORPHOSES OF INSECTS. The most primitive order of insects (Thysanura) have no transformations or metamorphoses, but the young, except in size, resemble the adults. Most kinds of insects, however, pass No. 16.] INSECTS OF CONNECTICUT. 31 through four distinct stages in their life cycle; namely, egg, larva, pupa, imago. (See Fig. 2.) We are all familiar with the egg of the potato beetle, which is laid on the under side of the leaf. Of many different forms are the eggs of the various kinds of insects, some being globular, some elongated, some smooth, others elaborately sculptured and Egg-mass Chrysalis or pupa Female Male Caterpillar FIG. 2. The four stages in the life cycle of an insect: Gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar. All figures natural size. very handsome. Most of them are of small size, some laid singly and others in large masses. The eggs of flies hatch in a few hours; but the eggs of the tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americana Harr.), shown in Fig. 3, and of the gypsy moth (Porthetria dispar Linn.), shown in Fig. 2, remain on the trees from July to the following May, or about nine months, before hatching. These cases well represent the extremes to be found $2 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. in Connecticut insects as regards the time required for the eggs to hatch. Many species pass the winter in the tgg stage. The larva is the stage during which the insect feeds and in- creases in size, casting its skin, or molting, from time to time. The larva of a moth or butterfly is commonly called a caterpillar, that of a fly is known as a maggot, and that of a beetle is often called a grub. It is in this stage that most of the damage is done by insects. Few insects require more than a year in this stage, most of them but a few weeks, and some only a few days or hours. A number of species winter as larvae. FIG. 3. Egg-mass of Tent Caterpillar on apple twig. Natural size. The pupa, called chrysalis in the butterflies and moths, is the quiescent or non-active stage assumed by the larva when fully grown. The tissues inside break down almost completely to a homogeneous mass of protoplasm, and from this the various parts of the adult, beginning with the head and brain, are formed. The insect thus emerging is entirely different from both larva and pupa, a state of affairs not occurring so markedly in any animals outside of the insects. A large num- ber of species pass the winter in this stage, but some of the flies require but a few hours or days in the pupa stage. Some- times the pupa is naked, but often a cocoon of silk threads is No. l6.] INSECTS OF CONNECTICUT. 33 made by the caterpillar before transforming. Many insects pupate in the ground. The imago or adult is the mature insect, fitted for repro- duction, after which it lives but a short time. This is the only stage in which we find fully developed wings. The adults of many insects take very little or no food except perhaps the nectar of flowers or the juices from mutilated plants or animals. Beetles, however, feed as well as their larvae, and in some cases do quite as much damage, and the adults of some other orders also take food. Many insects pass the winter as adults, going into protected places such as buildings, or under stones, fences, or rubbish. Insects having the four well marked stages just described are said to have complete transformations or metamorphoses. Among these are included the butterflies and moths (Lepi- doptera), beetles (Coleoptera), flies (Diptera), bees and ants (Hymenoptera). Most of the other insects, and especially the Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, etc.), and the Hemiptera (plant lice, scale insects, and true bugs) do not pass through these four stages, but from the egg something hatches resembling the mature insect. These are said to have incomplete transformations or metamorphoses. Here we have three stages ; namely, egg, nymph, imago. The nymph feeds and increases in size, molting from time to time, and having a somewhat different appearance after each molt, but gradually approaching the size and appear- ance of the imago or adult. Many of these insects cause injury to plants in the adult as well as in the nymph stages, and the winter may be passed in each of the three stages. Thus almost all grasshoppers lay eggs in the fall, and these do not hatch until the following spring; but nymphs of certain species may be found on warm days late in autumn and early in spring; while some of the true bugs, like the squash bug (Anasa tristis DeG.), crawl into protected places and pass the winter season as adults. 34 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS. The following analytical key has been adapted from the key arranged by Prof. H. E. Summers and given in Kellogg's American Insects. It applies only to adult insects. Key to Orders. 1. Mouth-parts projecting, or not withdrawn into a cavity in the head. Normally with wings, which are some- times rudimentary or wanting 2 Mouth-parts withdrawn into a cavity in the head. Wingless insects, sometimes having abdominal legs, and feet having one or two claws THYSANURA 2. Mouth-parts fitted for biting; abdomen broadly joined to thorax ; feet never bladder-shaped 3 Mouth-parts fitted for sucking, sometimes in part for biting. In latter case, either the base of abdomen is usually strongly constricted and joined to thorax by a narrow peduncle, or the tarsi are bladder-shaped without claws I 4 3. Rear end of abdomen without prominent un jointed ap- pendages resembling forceps 4 Rear end of abdomen with prominent appendages re- sembling forceps ; fore wings, when present, short, veinless, horny or leathery EUPLEXOPTERA 4. Fore wings not membranous 5 Fore wings, if present, membranous like rear wings ; latter occasionally, but not usually, folded like a fan 6 5. Fore wings, if present, leathery, usually with many veins, and thicker than the rear wings, which are folded lengthwise like a fan. If wings are absent, labium is cleft in middle and prothorax is large ORTHOPTERA Fore wings, if present, veinless, horny or leathery; if absent, labium is entire COLEOPTERA 6. Antennae inconspicuous 7 Antennae conspicuous 8 7. Rear wings smaller than fore wings; posterior end of abdomen with two or three many- jointed filaments EPHEMERIDA No. l6.] INSECTS OF CONNECTICUT. 35 Rear wings as large as fore wings; posterior end of abdomen lacking many-jointed filaments. . . .ODONATA 8. Tarsi with less than five joints; labium cleft in middle 9 Tarsi with five joints ; labium entire 12 9. Rear wings not broader than fore wings, sometimes absent, not folded in repose; prothorax small, collar- like 10 Rear wings broader than fore wings ; both pairs present, folded in repose; prothorax large, nearly flat on dorsal surface PLECOPTERA 10. Tarsi with less than four joints 11 Tarsi with four joints; wings, when present, equal in size ISOPTERA 11. Tarsi with one or two joints; always wingless MALLOPHAGA Tarsi usually three- jointed, occasionally two- jointed, in which case wings are present ; fore wings larger than rear wings CORRODENTIA 12. Wings naked or slightly hairy 13 Wings thickly covered with hairs TRICHOPTERA 13. Mouth -parts not prolonged into a distinct beak, at most slightly conical NEUROPTERA Mouth-parts prolonged into a distinct beak MECOPTERA 14. Prothorax free, body and wings not densely clothed with scales 15 Prothorax not free ; maxillary palpi present, sometimes rudimentary and obscure, in which case body and wings are densely clothed with scales; tarsi usually with claws, and never bladder-shaped 16 15. Tarsi bladder-shaped, without claws ; wings four (some- times absent), narrow, fringed with long hairs THYSANOPTERA Tarsi not bladder-shaped, usually with claws ; wings not fringed with long hairs ; maxillae bristle-like, without palpi HEMIPTERA 16. Mandibles often rudimentary, and bristle-like when present *7 Mandibles well developed, fitted for biting; wings four (sometimes two or none), naked or with scattered hairs HYMENOPTERA 36 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. 17. Wings two (or wanting). Rear wings represented by halteres; wings and body naked or covered with scattered hairs; mouth a soft or horny beak not coiled under head 18 Wings four (sometimes wanting in females). Wings and body covered thickly with scales or hairs ; mouth, when developed, a slender sucking proboscis coiled under the head LEPIDOPTERA 18. Prothorax poorly developed, scarcely visible from dorsal side. Usually two wings DIPTER A Prothorax well developed, distinctly visible from dorsal side ; wings never present SIPHON APTERA The following arrangement of the orders is in the main that of Comstock, modified in the Neuropteroid groups by Banks, and runs from the lowest to the highest forms. This sequence could not be carried out exactly in the key, but should be followed in the arrangement of insect collections. The principal orders are illustrated by typical examples in Plates III-V. THYSANURA. Spring-tails, bristle-tails, and fish moths. A small order, and the insects are mostly of small size, inhabit- ing moist, decaying vegetable matter. ODONATA. Dragon-flies and damsel-flies. Plate III. A small or medium-sized order, containing some species of large size. All are aquatic in their larval stages, and feed in both larval and adult stages upon other insects, especially mosquitoes. EUPLEXOPTERA. Earwigs. Plate VII. This order contains only the earwigs, and there are but few species. Many writers treat it as part of the Orthoptera, though it differs structurally. ORTHOPTERA. Grasshoppers, crickets, walking-sticks, mantids, and cockroaches. Plates III, VI-XI. This order does not contain a great number of species, but some of them are of larg-e size and therefore noticeable. Nearly all (except the mantids and the crickets) feed upon vegetable food, and some species are very injurious. No. l6.] INSECTS OF CONNECTICUT. 7)7 THYSANOPTERA (or PHYSOPODA). Includes only the family Thripidce. A small order of small-sized individuals, mostly inhabiting flowers. A few species are injurious. HEMIPTERA. Lice, aphids, bugs, scale-insects, leaf- hoppers, tree-hoppers, psyllids, cicadas, and other sucking insects. Plate III. This large and important order contains many species and individuals. It is divided by some authors into three orders, namely, the HOMOPTERA, including cicadas, leaf-hoppers, aphids, and scale-insects ; the HETEROPTERA, including the assassin-bugs, leaf bugs, bed-bugs, and related forms ; the PARASITICA, including the lice which are parasitic upon man and the higher animals. There are a great many species among the Hemiptera which are regarded as injurious. ISOPTERA. Termites or white ants. A small order, includ- ing a single family of social insects. Some species are very destructive, tunneling in trees, construction timbers, etc. MALLOPHAGA. Biting bird-lice. A small order of small wingless parasitic insects, having incomplete metamorphoses. The species infest fowls and wild birds. CORRODENTIA. Book-lice. A small order of small-sized insects which feed upon paper, lichens, etc. ; not of much eco- nomic importance. PLECOPTERA. Stone-flies. A small order, including a single family, of little economic importance. Larvae aquatic, serving as food for fishes. EPHEMERIDA. May-flies or Day-flies. This order con- tains only a single family of insects, of which there are few species, but many individuals, found near lakes and rivers. Not important economically. NEUROPTERA. Dobsons, ant-lions, lace-wings, etc. Plate III. A rather small group of insects with transparent mem- branous wings. Some species, like the dobson, are of large size. MECOPTERA. Scorpion-flies. A small but remarkable group of insects, with the head prolonged into a beak. So far as known, these insects are carnivorous. TRICHOPTERA. Caddis-flies. A small but interesting order of moth-like insects. The adults have parchment-like wings, which are more or less hairy and folded against the sides 38 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. of the abdomen. The larvae are aquatic, and make peculiar cases in which they live in the water. LEPIDOPTERA. Moths and butterflies. Plate IV. A large and important order, including some of the largest and most beautiful of all insects. The wings are covered with scales. Many species are pests of vegetation, but many others are useful in carrying pollen from flower to flower. DIPTERA. Flies and mosquitoes. Plate V. The insects of this large order have but two wings, which are usually trans- parent. There are many species, and some of them are very abundant. This order furnishes a number of important pests, and is probably more dangerous to man, on account of some of its members transmitting disease germs, than any other order of insects. SIPHONAPTERA. Fleas. A small order of small-sized wingless insects, usually considered as an ofl-shoot from the Diptera, though sometimes included as a part of that order. Fleas annoy man and the domestic animals, and recently have been found to be important agents in transmitting the germs of bubonic plague. COLEOPTERA. Beetles. Plate V. One of the largest and most important orders of insects, easily recognized on ac- count of the horny wing covers. Some species are found in almost every kind of habitat. Many are distinctly injurious, though the predaceous forms, like ground beetles, are regarded as beneficial. In size, beetles vary from microscopic to nearly three inches in length. About 12,000 species are known in North America. HYMENOPTERA. Bees, wasps, ants, saw-flies, horn- tails, and ichneumon flies. Plate V. A large and important order, commonly regarded as the most highly developed of all insects. Some groups, like the bees, ants, and certain wasps, are social in their habits. Most of the Hymenoptera are beneficial. The honey bee gives us honey and wax, and the ichneumon flies parasitize many injurious species. The honey bees and their near relatives play an important part in the pollination of plants, and the orchardist owes his fruit crop to the agency of this group of insects. Part II Euplexoptera (Earwigs) and Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, Crickets, etc.), of Connecticut By BENJAMIN HOVEY WALDEN The Euplexoptera and Orthoptera of Connecticut INTRODUCTION. The insects discussed in this paper belong to two orders, the Euplexoptera and the Orthoptera, following the classification adopted for the collection of the Connecticut Agricultural Ex- periment Station. This collection contains Connecticut repre- sentatives of eighty-two species, from which many of the records in this paper are taken. Some writers recognize but one order, and include the small group Euplexoptera under Orthop- tera. In 1872, Professor Sidney I. Smith of Yale University, who was at that time entomologist of the State Board of Agriculture, presented to the Board a report on the Orthoptera of Connecticut. This paper mentions sixty-one species, of which a few are va- rieties or synonyms. Probably the most careful collecting in Connecticut in the Acridida?, one family of this order, has been done by Professor Albert P. Morse of Wellesley, Massachusetts, a leading authority on the group. In his " Notes on the Acrididas of New England " he records all of the species of this family taken by him. In the " Catalogue of the Orthoptera of New England," by Professor Samuel H. Scudder, are recorded seventy-four species as probably occurring. in Connecticut. These records were probably largely furnished by Professors Morse and Smith. The present paper includes one hundred and nine species, one hundred of which have been recorded from the state. The remaining nine species and probably a few others will un- doubtedly be found by careful collecting. The arrangement of the genera and species is in general based upon the " Catalogue of the Orthoptera of the United States and Canada," by Scudder. 42 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. In the preparation of the keys and descriptions free use has been made of various works on the Orthoptera, especially the " Acrididae of New England," by Professor Morse, and the " Orthoptera of Indiana," by Professor W. S. Blatchley. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The writer is greatly indebted to Dr. Britton for much help and many suggestions throughout the preparation of this paper. Professor A. P. Morse has examined the material in the Station collection, the records in this paper being based largely upon his determinations. Professor Morse's kindness in ex- amining material, loaning specimens for study, and answering questions pertaining to the group, has been greatly appreciated. Thanks are due to Professor A. E. Verrill of Yale University, through whose kindness we were able to examine the Orthoptera stored in the attic of Peabody Museum ; to Professor W. S. Blatchley and to Mr. Wm. Beutenmuller for records of Orthop- tera taken by them in Connecticut. The measurements are given in millimeters, and refer to the length unless otherwise stated ; thus the word " body " with " 19-25 " under it means that the body from the front of the head to the tip of the abdomen is from 19 to 25 millimeters in length. The measurements of the Acrididce are from Morse's papers, as his figures under many of the species are based upon the careful measurements of several hundred specimens. The keys apply to Connecticut species only, and are for dis- tinguishing the adults and not the nymphs. All figures of insects in Plates VI-XI are natural size. Figure 2, of Plate VI, is from the Report of the Connecticut Agricul- tural Experiment Station for 1903. Figure 3 is from a photo- graph kindly loaned by Professor M. V. Slingerland of Cornell University. Figures 1 and 4, of the same plate, and the remainder of the plates are from photographs by the author. Figures 5-15, 17-26, 28-35, 37 - 48, in the text, are redrawn from Morse. Figures 49-52 are redrawn from Scudder. Figure 61 is from a drawing by W. E. Britton. All others are from drawings by the author. No. l6.] INSECTS OF CONNECTICUT. 43 EXPLANATION OF COLLECTORS' INITIALS. W. B. — William Beutenmuller, New York. Curator of Ento- mology, American Museum of Natural History. Has col- lected Orthoptera in Connecticut. W. E. B. — W. E. Britton, New Haven, State Entomologist and Entomologist of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. The author of a number of papers on Connecticut insects. Has collected in nearly all parts of the state. W. S. B. — W. S. Blatchley, Indianapolis, Ind. A leading specialist in the Orthoptera. Has collected in Connecticut. A. P. M. — Albert P. Morse, Wellesley, Mass. Curator of Museum at Wellesley College, and Research Assistant, Carnegie Institute of Washington. A well-known specialist, who has collected Acridida in the principal sections of the state. The records of his captures are given in " Notes on the Acrididse of New England," published in Psyche. E. J. S. M. — E. J. S. Moore, New Haven, a student employed temporarily as assistant in the entomological department of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. Collected chiefly around New Haven. S. I. S. — Sydney I. Smith, New Haven, Professor of Com- parative Anatomy, Yale University. An early student of the Orthoptera. A. E. V. — Addison E. Verrill, New Haven, Professor of Zoology, Yale University. Has collected insects in various parts of the state, but chiefly around New Haven and on the Thimble Islands. H. L. V. — Henry L. Viereck, Philadelphia, for more than a year Assistant in Entomology at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. Has collected in nearly all sections of the state, but more especially around New Haven and along the shore. B. H. W. — B. H. Walden, New Haven, Assistant in Ento- mology at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. Has collected in nearly all parts of the state. 44 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. EUPLEXOPTERA. The members of this order, commonly called ' 4 earwigs," are recognized by their slender, flattened bodies, legs of nearly equal size, and abdomen terminating with a pair of forceps-like ap- pendages. Head prominent, flattened, and wider than the thorax, with mouth-parts in front. Thorax small. Tegmina or wing covers meeting in a straight line down the back and covering only part of the abdomen ; leathery in texture and without veins. Wings large in proportion to the size of the insect; folded lengthwise like a fan and then again crosswise, and thus concealed under the comparatively small wing covers. It is stated that the in- sects use the above-mentioned forceps in tucking the wings under the covers. The tegmina and wings are both absent in one of our species. The metamorphosis is incomplete. These insects are much more plentiful in Europe, where tljey received the name " earwig " from a foolish superstition that they sometimes get into people's ears and injure them. Ear- wigs are not common in Connecticut, and are seldom seen, as they live in cracks and crannies, beneath stones, bark of stumps, etc., coming out only at night. They are largely vege- table feeders, but eat dead insects and small sluggish forms of animal life. The order includes only a single family. forficulidje. The members of this family will be recognized by the above description. Two species belonging to different genera have been taken in Connecticut. Other members of this family will probably be found when carefully looked for. A third genus, which should be represented in this state, is added to the follow- ing key. Key to Genera. i. Tegmina and wings present 2 Tegmina and wings both absent Anisolabis p. 45 2. Joints of antennae cylindrical, more than four times as long as broad. Second tarsal joint broadened at apex, bilobed, and produced beneath the third Forflcula p. 45 NO. l6.] EUPLEXOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 45 Joints of the antennae cone-shaped, wider at apex than at base. Second tarsal joint very small, simple, and compressed Labia p. 46 Anisolabis Fieber. Body long and slender, sides nearly parallel throughout. Teg- mina and wings absent. Antennae about one-half the length of the body. First and third tarsal joints sub-equal, second joint smaller. Forceps stout and slightly curved. A. maritima Bonnel. Plate VII, I. Dark mahogany brown above, lighter below; legs yellowish brown. Measurements. Length Width Forceps 15-22 3-4 3-4 Occurs along the coast from Maine to Florida. Outer Island, Branford (A. E. V.) ; Bridgeport (F. Knab) ; Milford, 30 May (B. H. W.). Forficula Linnaeus. Body somewhat flattened, generally long and slender, sides of abdomen parallel, antennae a trifle longer than half the length of body, with ten to fifteen cylindrical and nearly equal joints, which are more than four times as long as broad. Wing covers present, wings sometimes present. First joint of tarsi longer than the third ; second short, broadened at apex, and extending beneath the third joint. Key to Species. 1. Wings reaching beyond the tips of the tegmina 2 Wings wanting or much shorter than the tegmina aculeata 2. Middle legs much nearer the fore than the hind legs. Forceps of male with an inner tooth at the arcuate portion auricularia Middle legs but little nearer the fore than the hind legs. Forceps of male with basal tooth on inner edge, .pulchella F. aculeata Scudder. " Dark chestnut brown ; palpi and legs luteous ; thorax longer than broad and narrower than the head, the sides pale luteous; 46 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. wing covers nearly twice as long as the thorax, luteous, and broadly margined inwardly with deep chestnut brown; hind wings considerably shorter than the wing covers; male forceps about three-fourths as long as the abdomen, slender, arcuate, bent downward beyond the middle and again horizontal to the tip, before which is also a short tooth; pygidium with a long sharp point. Length of body, male and female, 9-11 mm.; for- ceps of male, 4-5 mm. ; female, 2.5-3.5 mm."* Northern United States east of Mississippi River. Has not been taken in Connecticut. F. auricularia Linnaeus. " Fusco- ferruginous ; antennae 14-15 jointed; basal joint, sides of thorax and legs testaceous ; wings and wing covers dull luteous, the latter half as long again as the pronotum ; forceps of male usually as long as the abdomen, horizontal, depressed, and dilated at the base, and beyond rather strongly arcuate, taper- ing to a point, the extreme base of inner edge tuberculate- denticulate, with a distinct inner tooth at base of the arcuate portion. Body about 1 1 mm. ; forceps, male, 4-8 mm. ; female, 3 mm."* New York, New Jersey. Probably occurs in Connecticut. F. pulchella Serville. " Head blackish ; antennae brown, paler at base ; thorax brown, with the sides and hind margin paler ; wing covers brown ; wings yellow edged with brown ; abdomen reddish brown ; for- ceps of male arcuate in the middle, pointed, with an inner tooth near the base. Length of body, 8 mm. ; forceps of male, 5 mm. ; female, 2.5 mm." * Has been taken in New York. Labia Leach. " Size, small. Body flattened and slightly widened at the middle. Antennae about one-half the length of the body, with ten to twelve joints which are about three times as long as broad. Tegmina present. Wings sometimes absent, but present * Descriptive Catalogue of the Orthoptera found within fifty miles of New York City. Beutenmuller. NO. l6.] EUPLEXOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 47 in our species. First and third tarsal joints equal in length, second joint small, simple and compressed. Forceps about half the length of the abdomen, separated at the base in the male, not separated in the female." * L. minor Linnaeus. Little Earwig. " Much smaller than any of the preceding species. Light brown, pubescent; head blackish; antennae 10-12-jointed, fuscous; mouth-parts pale ; pronotum narrower than the head, and a little longer than broad ; wing covers nearly twice as long as the thorax ; hind wings as long as the pronotum ; legs pale luteous ; abdomen reddish brown in the middle above; forceps of male more than half as long as the abdomen, and distinctly serrulate on inner edge ; last segment of male with an apical, compressed, upcurved, long and slender tubercle. Length of body, 3.75- 6 mm.; forceps, 1.25-2 mm."* Meriden, 3 June (W. E. B.) ; Lyme, 23 August (A. B. Champlain) ; Berlin, 28 September (D. J. Caffrey). * Descriptive Catalogue of the Orthoptera found within fifty miles of New York City. Beutenmuller. 48 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. ORTHOPTERA. The insects in the order Orthoptera with which we are all familiar are the grasshoppers or locusts, katydids, crickets, and cockroaches. The order also contains the walking-sticks, which are rarely seen, and the mantids. two species of which have but recently been introduced into Connecticut. The Orthoptera belong to the group of insects having an incomplete metamorphosis and biting mouth-parts. The wings, when present, are four in number. The outer pair, or tegmina, as they are called, are not used for flight, but are thick and omen j compound eije oceWus : /cronoVum ovipostfor anXennae tarsus Fig. 4. Melanoplus bivittatus. Diagram showing principal parts of a locust. leathery in texture and serve as covers for the under wings. When closed, their inner edges usually overlap. The second pair of wings are the ones with which the insects fly, and are thin, delicate, and folded lengthwise like a fan. The name Orthoptera is from the Greek words orthos, straight, and pteron, a wing, referring to the longitudinal straight folds of the hind wings. The wings of some species of Orthoptera are absent while other species have only the tegmina present. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF THE ORDER. The Orthoptera are of great economic importance, as all of them, with the exception of the Mantidoe, are injurious, and nearly all feed upon vegetation. From the earliest Bible times No. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 49 the locusts (Acridida:) have been recorded as doing great damage to agricultural crops. Certain migratory species would pass in great numbers over a portion of the country destroying all the cultivated crops and even defoliating the shrubbery and trees. It is within the memory of many when the Rocky Mountain locust caused millions of dollars' worth of damage in the west. Even New England, in her early days, did not escape the ravages of an allied species, Melanoplus atlanis* Smith in his report to the Board of Agriculture states, " In 1743 and 1756 they threatened to destroy the whole vegetation in some parts of the country, and so great was the alarm they occasioned among the people, that days of fasting and prayer were ap- pointed on account of the threatened calamity." While no such invasion is likely to occur in these days, much damage is done each year by these insects. This will be impressed upon any one who walks through the meadows and fields at any time from July until frost, and notes the members of this order that are hopping around on every side ; and the possible damage that may be done will be appreciated when one remembers that each of these little insects is " born with one earthly desire — a voracious appetite — and with one valuable possession — a pair of strong, broad jaws, which move in and out like the blades of a pair of scissors ; the little hopper soon begins to use the latter to appease the former, and for twenty-four hours a day and seven days a week, he gnaws away at the soft, green, succulent grass which surrounds him on every side." Numerous as the Orthoptera are, very little attention is paid to them by the farmers of the state. It would be difficult to estimate the damage to mowing-lands and pastures from these insects ; and, while the yield must be considerably reduced each year, their work probably escapes unnoticed excepting in very dry seasons, when the conditions are the most unfavorable for the growth of the grass and most favorable for the development of the Orthoptera. In 1872, Professor Sidney I. Smith recommended a flock of poultry, especially turkeys, as one of the best means of destroying grasshoppers. Probably there is nothing better to * This species is mentioned by Smith as being M. femur-rubrum, but it was prob- ably atlanis, as the migratory habit is peculiar to the latter species. 4 50 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. suggest at this time for reducing their numbers, and, judging from market prices, the turkeys could be disposed of at a fair profit. The eggs of the Acrididoe are readily killed by plowing the land in which they are deposited in the fall. Possibly the most apparent damage by the Orthoptera is in the tobacco fields. The writer has seen strips around the edges of fields where the leaves were badly eaten. This is more liable to occur where the fields are bordered by wild vegetation than where the tobacco adjoins cultivated fields or where the edges are kept clean Species of Scudderia, the Carolina locust (Dissosteira Carolina), and the red-legged locust (Melanoplus femur-rubrum), have been observed in the center of fields ; but species of Xiphidium and the majority of the individuals of the above-named species work principally on the edges of the fields. Clean cultivation, or poisoning the native growth and the tobacco around the edge of the field, will prevent much of this damage. The cranberry crop is often damaged considerably by katy- dids. Professor J. B. Smith of New Jersey has studied these insects on the bogs, and finds that two species, Scudderia texensis and 6\ curvicauda, cause much of the damage. These insects eat into the berries to get the seeds, after which the berries dry up. Clean culture on the bogs and around the margins, keeping the bogs flooded as much as possible, especially late in spring, and burning the bogs to destroy the leaves in which the Scudderia eggs are laid, are the methods of treatment recommended. NATURAL ENEMIES. The Orthoptera have many natural enemies which greatly reduce their numbers, and prevent them from over-running our farms and destroying everything that grows. One of the important parasites is a fungus, Empusa grylli Fres. This is especially common in a wet season. Locusts at- tacked by this fungus climb the stems of grasses and weeds, where their dead bodies are seen late in the season. This pe- culiar habit is an important aid in the distribution of the disease, as from this elevated position the spores of the fungus may be NO. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 5 1 blown over a considerable area. The Orthoptera are also at- tacked by bacterial diseases, especially during long warm damp periods. A great many locusts are attacked and killed by a red mite, Trombidium locustarum Riley. This is often seen clinging to the body of the locust, where it sucks out the vital juices. These mites are often very numerous, one female sometimes produc- ing three hundred or more eggs. The winter is passed in the ground, where they are active except during freezing weather. They feed upon a variety of soft substances, and are especially fond of locust eggs. Another animal parasite that attacks various species of Orthoptera is a " hair worm," a species of Gordhis. The group also has a large number of insect enemies, among which are tachina flies, flesh flies, larvae of blister beetles, and carabid beetles. Toads, moles, shrews, and snakes feed upon one or all stages of Orthoptera. Many species of birds include the insects of this order in their diet. The average person has very little idea of the variety of birds that feed upon insects, or the number of insects that some of these birds eat. Many of the insect-eating birds feed largely upon Orthoptera. 52 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. ORTHOPTERA. Key to Sub-orders. Legs nearly equal in size. Hind femora not enlarged for leaping. Sound-producing organs absent. Ovipositor concealed NON-SALTATORIA p. 52 Legs unequal in size. Hind femora enlarged and thickened for leaping, generally much longer than the middle femora. Sound-producing organs usually present. Ovipositor usually plainly visible SALTATORIA p. 62 NON-SALTATORIA. The insects of this sub-order have the legs fitted for running rather than for leaping. There are three families (not including F orficiilidcc) in this group in the United States, all of which are represented in Connecticut,* and may be distinguished by the following key : Key to Families. 1. Body short, broad, oval, and strongly flattened. Head nearly concealed by pronotum. Ocelli two. Pro- notum shield-shaped, transverse. Legs compressed BLATTIDyE p. 52 Body elongate, narrow. Head free, not covered by pronotum which is much longer than broad. Ocelli three or wanting. Legs slender, not compressed. ... 2 2. Head oblique, mouth inferior. Ocelli three. Pronotum generally longer than any other segment. Front pair of legs fitted for grasping. Cerci jointed MANTIDiE p. 59 Head sub-horizontal, mouth-parts nearly inferior. Ocelli often wanting. Pronotum very short. Front pair of legs not fitted for grasping. Cerci not jointed PHASMIDiE p. 61 BLATTIDyE. This family includes the insects known as cockroaches. The body is oval and much flattened, head nearly horizontal, almost covered by the broad pronotum, and bent under so that the mouth-parts project back between the front pair of legs. The * The family M ant idee is represented m Connecticut only by introduced species. NO. l6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 53 antennae are long and slender. The pronotum is usually broader than long, or shield-shape. The rings of the abdomen overlap each other and are capable of being much depressed, so that these insects can readily adapt themselves to the cracks and narrow places in which they live. The legs are long, enabling the cock- roach to run very swiftly. The wing covers contain many veins and are parchment-like or leathery, overlapping when at rest. The wings are never longer than the tegmina and are rudi- mentary or even wanting in some species. Everyone is more or less familiar with the cockroach or water-bug. Our troublesome species are introduced and infest dwellings, delighting to live in the cracks and crevices in warm damp places, such as are found around steam and water pipes, back of sinks, etc. These insects are nocturnal in habit, coming out at night and feeding upon a great variety of substances, including all kinds of provisions, clothes that are starched, and book bindings. In Connecticut we have taken three species that commonly inhabit houses. Besides these there are probably several native species that live under the loose bark of trees and rubbish. Of these, however, only two species have been taken. Some of the tropical species are occasionally brought into the state with fruit, especially bananas. Specimens of a large brown species, probably Nyctobora mexicana Sauss., have been seen by the writer, and a specimen of a large, handsome green species, Panchlora poeyi Sauss., has been taken by Dr. Britton on bananas in New Haven. Leucophaea Surinam ensis Linn, has been very abundant for several years in greenhouses at Cromwell. Key to Sub-families. Last ventral segment of the female plane, without a ridge, and undivided. Fore femora rarely armed beneath on the inner margin with many distinct spines ; when so armed, the subgenital styles unequal or one wanting BLATTELLINyE p. 54 Last ventral segment of the female abdomen compressed so that a ridge or carina is formed on its under side, and divided so as to be bivalved. Fore femora armed beneath on the inner margin with many spines; styles of equal length periplanetin^e p. 57 54 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. BLATTELLIN^E. Key to Genera. Size large. Sub-genital stylets present in the males. Teg- mina of females abbreviated, not reaching more than two-thirds the length of the broad abdomen Ischnoptera p. J54 Size small. Sub-genital stylets absent in the males. Tegmina of both sexes fully developed Blattella p. 56 Ischnoptera Burmeister. Body of male narrow and elongate, sides sub-parallel, female with body wider and more rounded. Antennae much longer than the body. Pronotum rounded, usually narrowed in front. Tegmina longer than the abdomen in the males, much shorter (in our species) in the females. Wings present. " Cerci long, stout, 1 2- jointed, supra-anal plate of the male broad, apex either truncated or rounded, that of the female narrower, triangular, and obtuse. Sub-genital plate of the male bearing two rather long stylets which are often deflexed. Last abdominal plate of the female entire." This genus contains our two native species. Key to Species* Size large, total length 25 or more mm. Margin of prono- tum much lighter than disk pennsylvanica Size smaller, total length less than 20 mm. Pronotum more uniform in color uhleriana I. pennsylvanica De Geer. Pennsylvania Cockroach. Plate VII, 2. Male: pronotum elliptical, slightly narrowed in front with the margin straight. Posterior margin rounded. The disk with an oblique posterior depression on either side. Tegmina long and narrow extending much beyond the tip of the abdomen, membranous and more or less transparent. Wings as long as the tegmina. Female with the abdomen wider than the pronotum, the width more than one-half its length. Pronotum wide with the front margin narrowed and rounded, the posterior margin narrowed truncate. Disk with no oblique depressions. Tegmina broad, their inner margins overlapping, covering from one-half to two-thirds the abdomen, the tips rounded, and the veins * See note page 162. NO. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 55 prominent. Inner wings narrow, about half the length of the abdomen. Color chestnut-brown to fuscous, females the darker. Face reddish brown. Disk of pronotum with the lateral edges and sometimes the front yellowish white. Tegmina of male smoky brown, the outer basal two-thirds broadly margined with yellow. Those of female dark reddish brown with the outer basal half margined with yellow. Dorsal surface of female abdomen dark brown. Measurements. Body Antennae Pronotum Length Width Tegmi Female 16 18 5 7- 6-IO Male 21 28 5 5-5 22 This species, found under the bark of stumps, or under stones and rubbish, is not usually common, but is sometimes attracted to country houses by light, where it may become a nuisance. Mt. Carmel, 18 June (E. F. Coe) ; 10 July (W. E. B.). I. uhleriana Saussure. Male: small; body narrow. Antennae slightly longer than the body. Pronotum small, elliptical ; hind margin rounded ; sides somewhat deflexed, the oblique depressions distinct. Teg- mina longer than abdomen, rather wide. Wings reaching tips of tegmina ; supra-anal plate triangular. Female : body wider than that of the male. Pronotum rounded with the hind margin nearly straight. Tegmina covering less than half the abdomen, the inner margins meeting or slightly overlapping, the tips rounded, usually slightly emarginate near the inner angle. Disk somewhat convex. Depressions faint. Wings narrow and reach- ing only to second abdominal segment. Supra-anal plate tri- angular. Color of male light reddish brown ; head and posterior margin of pronotum often darker. Female darker ; general color dark reddish brown ; tegmina sometimes chestnut brown. Dorsal surface of abdomen brown to piceous ; legs pale reddish brown. Measurements. Body Pronotum Length Width Tegmina Female 11 3-3 3-7 3-7 Male 12 3 4 16 56 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Occurs in the same places as pennsylvanica. Stonington, 25 j une — 5 j u iy (J. A. Hyslop) ; New Haven, 19 April (B. H. W.) ; 10 July (W. E. B.) ; Wallingford, 19 June (D. J. Cafrrey). Blattella Caudell. Our single species of Blattella is much smaller than the in- sects of the preceding genus. Body long and narrow ; pronotum small and roundish, almost completely covering the head. Eyes large. Antennae much longer than the body and thinly covered with long hairs. Tegmina membranous or a little leathery and as long or longer than the abdomen in both sexes. Sub-anal plate of male with the styles rudimentary or wanting. Last ab- dominal segment of female not notched. B. germanica Linn. Croton-bug. Water-bug. German Cock- roach. Plate VII, 3. Color yellowish brown ; the females, as in most species, often darker than the males. Legs lighter in color. Pronotum marked longitudinally with two dark brown bands separated by a stripe of yellow. Antennae dark brown, exceeding slightly the tips of the tegmina, which reach to the end of abdomen (male) or some- what pass it (female). The body of the female is shorter and broader than that of the male. Measurements. Body Antennae Pronotum Length Width Tegmina Female 10 13 8. 4. II Male 13 H 2-5 3.25 9-IO This is an introduced species and is commonly known as the croton-bug from the fact that the species became numerous in New York at the time of the completion of the Croton aqueduct. The insects made their way along the pipes, entering houses connected with this system. It is probably the most abundant cockroach in Connecticut. While it is not so often met with in the country, it is quite common in cities, and, as it is not partial to filth, it is liable to infest any dwelling, especially one heated with steam, and may become the plague of the most careful housekeeper. It is usually confined to the kitchen and pantry where food is found in abundance. The most effective No. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 57 remedy against this insect is to fumigate the infested rooms with hydrocyanic acid gas. This gas is fatal to all animal life, so that its use is only practicable where the kitchen is isolated from the other part of the house, or where it can be shut up tightly. Carbon disulphide has been recommended, but this is quite in- flammable and has a disagreeable odor. Borax and pyrethrum (insect powder) are often used as repellents. Burning the pyrethrum powder will kill and stupefy many of the insects. PERIPLANETIN.E. This sub-family contains our largest cockroaches. These are introduced species ; and one of them, the most disgusting of all our roaches, is well known. The chief distinguishing characters are given in the key. The head is large, flattened, and not en- tirely covered by the pronotum. The antennae are more or less pubescent, the joints obconic and very short. The tegmina and wings are variable in the different species. In our species the hind tarsi have the first joint as long as, or longer than, the other two joints together. Key to Genera. Tegmina of the male covering about three-fourths of the abdomen, those of the female much shorter. Distance between the eyes greater than length of last joint of maxillary palpus Blatta p. 57 Tegmina of both sexes extending beyond tip of abdomen. Distance between the eyes less than length of last joint of maxillary palpus Periplaneta p. 58 Blatta Linnaeus. This genus is recognized by the more widely separated eyes which are farther apart than the distance between the antennal pits or scrobes. The tegmina are short in both sexes, especially so in the female, and their outer edges less rounded than in Periplaneta. B. orientalis Linnaeus. Oriental Cockroach. Black Beetle. Plate VII, 4. Dark mahogany brown, legs lighter. Pronotum without light margins or markings. The wing covers of female not over 58 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. 5 mm. in length and the wings not developed. The tegmina and wings of male well developed, about equal in length, cover- ing about three-fourths of the abdomen. Supra-anal plate of male truncated, that of the female rounded and with a shallow notch. Measurements. Body Pronotum Tegmina Length Width Female 26 .. 8.5 5 Male 22.5 6 7.5 12 The Oriental cockroach is probably found in all the larger towns of the State. Unlike the croton-bug, it seeks dark, damp, filthy places. Periplaneta Burmeister. This genus contains our largest cockroaches. The inner wings are as long as the tegmina which extend beyond the tip of the abdomen in both species. Key to Species. Tegmina extending much beyond end of abdomen (10-12 mm.). Without light stripe on the outer margin of basal half americana Tegmina extending but little beyond end of abdomen (3-5 mm.). A yellow stripe on the outer margin of basal half australasiae P. americana Linnaeus. American Cockroach. Plate VII, 5. General color, reddish brown, the pronotum with a sub- margin of yellow, which is broad at the rear and sides and narrowed in front ; this incloses a brown area more or less bisected by a broken median stripe of yellow. Wings and tegmina long and well developed in both sexes. Notch of supra- anal plate of female deep. Measurements. Body Pronotum Length Width Tegmina Female 30 • • • • • • Male 27 10 8 30 This large cockroach has been taken in New Haven but is probably much less common throughout the state than orientalis. No. l6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 59 It is a native of tropical America, but has been distributed around the world. It is said to be much more cleanly in its choice of an abiding place than is Blatta orientalis. When numerous it becomes a serious pest. " The young of the American roach require about a year to reach maturity. The rate of growth of it and other species depends, however, largely on the food and temperature con- ditions, and under unfavorable circumstances the nymph stage is much prolonged." " The abundance of roaches is, therefore, apparently not accounted for so much by their rapidity of multi- plication as by their unusual ability to preserve themselves from ordinary means of destruction and by the scarcity of natural enemies." P. australasiae Fabricius. Australian Roach. This cockroach is slightly smaller and darker colored than the above species. It is readily distinguished by the yellow stripe on the basal half of the outer margin of the tegmina. Measurements. Body Pronotum Tegmina Length Width Female 23 7 9.5 22 -Mai 6 . . .. .. •• New Haven, August (D. B. Pangburn) ; Wallingford, 5 August (D. J. Caffrey). It will probably be found in most cities, especially those along the coast. The Australian roach is very abundant in the South, where it is a greater pest than either of the other members of this sub-family. MANTIME. The large insects of this family will be readily recognized by the long prothorax, and the first pair of legs which are fitted for grasping. The pronotum is the longest segment of the body. Head large, triangular, and so joined to the prothorax that it is freely movable. Antennae slender, shorter than the body. The abdomen of the male is much more slender than that of the female. The fore legs are very stout, spiny, and terminating in a single claw which, with the five-jointed tarsus, folds into a groove on the under side of the tibia. The other legs are long I 60 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. and slender. Tegmina and wings are present, those of the fe- male often rudimentary. The mantids differ from all of the other members of the order in that they are beneficial, feeding largely on other insects. These insects are often called " praying mantids ' from the prayerful attitude which they assume with their folded fore legs when at rest or waiting for some insect to come within their reach. These introduced insects will be readily recognized from the illustrations on plate VI, and are readily distinguished by their relative size. Tenodera sinensis Saussure. Chinese Mantis. Plate VI, 1. This large Chinese insect was first brought to our attention by an egg-mass received from a nursery in New Haven. The egg-mass was sent Feb. 1, 1902, and was found upon Ilex crenata which had been imported direct from Japan the previous spring. Another egg-mass was found in this nursery during the summer of 1903, indicating that the species had lived through the winter.* An adult female of this species was taken near Phila- delphia, October 16, 1897, in the vicinity of large nurseries which imported considerable stock. It soon became thoroughly established, and in 1902 nearly half a barrel of the egg-masses were collected for distribution. A number of egg-masses were brought from Philadelphia to Connecticut in the winter of 1903, but, while a few of these hatched, it is not thought that any reached maturity. The following winter about twenty-five more egg-masses were obtained and distributed in five different lo- calities. About a dozen adult specimens in all were seen in three of these localities the following fall, and in one of these lo- calities a few adults were found the second season. This shows that the insect will live through our winters, but it is doubtful if it has become thoroughly established in the state. Measurements. Body Te°rmina Pronotum Fore Femora Fore Tibiae Hind Femora Male 87 61 23 14 18 26 Mantis religiosa Linnaeus. European Praying Mantis. Plate VI. 3- * See III Report, Conn. State Entomologist, 1903, p. 213. No. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 6l This is a European species which was found in New York state near Rochester in 1899,* and has since become well es- tablished in that vicinity. This was probably also introduced with nursery stock. As this species often lays its egg-mass on the stems of grass, it has been suggested that an egg-mass might have been in the hay which is often used for packing when shipping nursery stock. Egg-masses of this species were ob- tained in 1903, and brought to Connecticut, but they failed to hatch. PHASMID^E. This family contains the insects known as 'walking-sticks." The body is very long and nearly cylindrical. The head is not covered by the pronotum. The eyes are small, the ocelli often wanting. Tegmina and wings are wanting in the species of the United States. The legs are long and slender, nearly equal in size. The tarsi are usually five-jointed and terminate with claws. The Phasmidce are best represented in the tropics where forms are found with large wings, one species especially being remarkable for its close resemblance to a leaf. The species of the United States, which are confined largely to the southern states, are wingless and mimic the twigs on which they feed. Despite the fact that these insects are very slender and have long legs, they are awkward and sluggish in their movements, and depend largely upon their protective resemblance to escape de- tection. The eggs of these insects are dropped singly upon the ground in the fall, where they remain unprotected through the winter. These usually hatch irregularly through the first season, and it is stated that some may not hatch until the second season. Diapheromera Gray. Head smooth, oval or sub-quadrate, and obliquely attached to the thorax. Antennae exceeding twice the length of the anterior femora. The first segment of the thorax less than one-fourth the length of the second and third, which are about equal in length. Body long, slender, and cylindrical, " stick- like," that of the male terminating in cylindrical, incurved cerci, longer than the last abdominal segment. Legs very slender, the * Cornell University Experiment Station, Bull. 185, 1900. 62 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. middle femora of the male much swollen, and with a sharp spine at the apex of the under side of both the middle and hind femora, which is -less prominent in the female. One species of this genus occurs throughout the northern United States east of the Rocky Mountains and is represented in Connecticut. D. femorata Say. Northern Walking-stick. Plate VII, 7. Color of the male usually greenish brown, sometimes almost entirely green. Head yellowish, with three more or less distinct longitudinal fuscous stripes. The female more often grayish brown, more or less mottled with lighter specks. The male is readily distinguished by the more slender body, the less dilated fore femora, the more swollen middle femora, and the stouter spines near the tips of the middle and hind femora. The middle femora of the darker males are banded with lighter color. Measurements. Body Antennae Hind Femora Female 84 64 18 Male 70 62 IS This curious insect is probably well distributed throughout the state and is sometimes locally abundant, but the ordinary observer will seldom see more than one or two specimens in a year, owing to its protective resemblance to twigs and its habit of remaining quiet for long periods. It is often taken in sweep- ing low bushes, the hazel apparently being one of its favorite food plants. The northern walking-stick is the most common species in the United States and the only one of economic im- portance. It has been recorded as defoliating considerable tracts of woodland, oak and wild cherry usually being attacked first. Ordinarily it is not abundant enough to do much damage. Burn- ing the ground in the fall to destroy the eggs is the remedy suggested. SALTATORIA. The Orthoptera belonging to tjiis sub-order have the hind pair of legs greatly enlarged and fitted for leaping. In the winged forms the males are provided with calling organs, and both sexes possess auditory or hearing organs. The wingless forms lack both the calling and hearing organs. Three families No. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 63 are included here which contain the majority of our well-known insects of the order Orthoptera. Key to Families. 1. Antennae much longer than the body, very slender, tapering. Ocelli often wanting, tarsi three- or four- jointed. Hearing organs usually near the base of the fore tibiae. Ovipositor usually much elongated 2 Antennae much shorter than the body, ocelli three. Tarsi three-jointed. Hearing organs when present situated on the sides of the basal joint of the abdo- men. Ovipositor consisting of two pairs of short, horny plates, more or less curved, with the tips diverging ACRIDID^E p. 63 2. Tarsi four-jointed. Ocelli generally absent. Tegmina with the sides sloping. Ovipositor usually in the shape of a flattened, sword-shaped blade, the tip not expanded LOCUSTIM: p. 123 Tarsi three- jointed. Ocelli variable. Tegmina flat- tened above, with the sides bent abruptly downward. Ovipositor usually exserted and consisting of a nearly straight or upcurved needle, the tip often enlarged GRYLLID^ p. 147 ACRIDIDiE. This family contains the short-horned grasshoppers which are properly termed " locusts." In Connecticut they are ordi- narily called simply " grasshoppers." Their numbers outrank those of the other families. The Acridida are readily distinguished from the other fami- lies by the antennae, which are shorter than the body. They may be filiform, ensiform, or rarely clavate. The joints are distinct and are often flattened towards the base. The head is usually short and extended horizontally. The ocelli are present and three in number. The foveolae are usually present, their size and shape furnishing characters used in classification. The pronotum is somewhat saddle-shaped, and usually covers the three thoracic segments, though in the Tettigiruz it extends back over the abdomen. The tegmina and wings when present and 64 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. closed are partly extended horizontally along the top of the abdomen and partly deflected against the sides. The hearing organ when present is situated on the side of the first basal seg- ment of the abdomen. The fore and middle pairs of legs are nearly equal in size. The hind pair are much longer, with the femora greatly enlarged for leaping. The tarsi of all the legs are similar — three- jointed, with a pair of curved claws on the tip of the apical joint. Between these claws, excepting in the Tettigincc, is a small pad called the pulvillus or arolium. The ovipositor consists of four horny plates, one pair curving upward and the other pair curving downward. In the male the lower appendage consists of a single plate. The males only are furnished with stridulating or sound- producing organs. The sound is produced in two ways. In one group the sound or call is made only when the insects are at rest, and is produced by rubbing the inner surface of the hind femora over the upper surface of the tegmina. "Landois has shown that in this group the inner surface of the femur is furnished, along the lower margin, with a longi- tudinal row of minute, lancet-shaped, elastic teeth, ranging in number from 85 to 93, which are scraped across the veins of the tegmina, thus producing a low, buzzing sound. Those which stridulate in this manner mostly belong to the sub-families Tryx- alince and Acridince. " The members of the sub-family CEdipodince usually sound their call during flight by rubbing together the upper surface of the front edge of the wings and the under surface of the tegmina, thus producing a sharp, crackling sound which has been likened to that of burning stubble. By paying close at- tention the observer can soon learn to know each species by its peculiar call." — Blatchley. Key to Sub -families. 1 . Size large ; pronotum not extending over the abdomen ; claws of tarsi with pads between them 2 Size smaller ; pronotum extending back over the abdo- men ; claws of tarsi without pads (pulvilli) between them tettigin^e p. 65 NO. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 65 2. No spine between the front pair of legs 3 A prominent conical spine between the front pair of legs acridin^e p. 106 3. Face usually very oblique ; foveolae usually well de- veloped ; median carina of the pronotum never raised in the form of a crest or with more than one notch TRYXALIN^E p. ?! Face or front of the head more vertical and more rounded than above; foveolse not well developed; median carina of pronotum usually raised in the form of a crest and usually cut by more than one notch cedipodin^e p. 86 TETTIGIN^E. The Tettiginse or " grouse locusts," as they are often called, are the smallest members of the Acrididce. At first glance they might be taken for immature grasshoppers, but they can be readily distinguished by the pronotum which extends to or beyond the extremity of the abdomen. The tegmina are only rudi- mentary and consist of small scales at the base of the wings. The wings are usually large and well developed. No pads are present between the claws of the tarsi. The grouse locusts are the only members of our Acrididce which pass the winter as adults, hibernating under rubbish, fence rails, pieces of bark, etc. They are, therefore, the first Acri- dians to appear early in spring, being most numerous at this season and in the fall, though some species can be found nearly every month in the year. The dry, sunny hillsides of a pasture seem to be the favorite haunt of some species, while others prefer moist, boggy land or the margins of lakes and streams. Their color and variable markings harmonize perfectly with the surroundings, making them very inconspicuous. Indeed, it is seldom that they are seen unless one is searching for them. Key to Genera. 1. Antennae with 12 to 14 joints 2 Antennae with 21 or 22 joints Tettigidea p. 70 2. Median carina high, crest-like, arched longitudinally. Superior lateral sinus of pronotum shallow, about one-half as deep as the inferior (Fig. 6) Nomotettix p. 66 5 66 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Median carina low, dorsum rather flat. Superior lateral sinus of pronotum nearly as deep as the inferior (Fig. 9) , 3 3. Vertex of head projecting beyond eyes (Fig. 8) Tettix p. 67 Vertex of head not projecting beyond eyes (Fig. 11) Paratettix p. 69 Nomotettix Morse. Head with the vertex projecting beyond the eyes and wider than one of them, the front border rounded. Front of vertex when viewed from the side sub-rounded, with a deep notch in front of eyes. Top of head with a pair of nipple-like tubercles between the posterior portion of the eyes. Pronotum with the median carina high, longitudinally arched, and usually ex- tending only to the end of abdomen, with the inner wings rudi- mentary. Rarely the pronotum is prolonged and the inner wings well developed. N. cristatus Scudder. Plate VII, 8. This species is our smallest Acridian and will be readily recognized by the high arched pronotum. The hind femora are Fig. 5. Nomotettix cristatus. Lateral and dorsal views of head. Fig. 6. Nomotettix cristatus. Lateral view, showing crest of pronotum and sinuses of lateral lobes. Fig. 7. Nomotettix cristatus. Cross section of body. NO. l6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 67 stouter than in the species of Tettix. The color may be a uni- form grayish brown or the pronotum may be strikingly marked with a design of velvety black. This is the most common of our grouse locusts, and is found all over the state in dry pastures and on hillsides where the soil is light and the vegetation is scant. It can probably be found in every month of the year. Measurements. Total length Pronotum Female 8.6-IO.2 8 -9-5 Male 1-1- 9 71-85 From various parts of the state from 27 April to 2 October. N. cristatus, var. carinatus Scudder. In the form carinatus the pronotum is prolonged and slightly upturned at the end. The inner wings are also developed. Measurements. Total length Pronotum Female n-12.5 9.8-11.5 Male 11-11.5 9.5-10.7 Quite rare ; the collection contains two specimens as follows : — West Haven, 11 May, Scotland, May (B. H. W.). Tettix Charpentier. This genus has the vertex of head projecting beyond the eyes. Dorsum or top of pronotum flat. Median carina distinct but not prominent. Superior lateral sinus nearly as deep as the inferior. Wing covers in form of oval scales. Wings well developed, usually as long or longer than the abdomen. Key to Species. Vertex with front margin rounded, median carina project- ing (Fig. 8) ornatus Vertex with front margin angulate, median carina not pro- jecting (Fig. 10) granulatus T. ornatus Say. Plate VII, 9. This species varies greatly in structure, color, and markings, but can be readily distinguished by the characters given above. A short-winged form was described as T. triangularis, but a large series of specimens will usually grade from the typical 68 CONNECTICUT GEOL, AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. form of omatus to the typical triangularis, showing that the latter is but an extreme variation. FIG. 8. Tettix cmatus. Lateral and dorsal views of head. Female Male Measurements. Length 9 - J 3-5 8.3-12.5 Fig. 9 Tettix orna- tus. Sinuses of lat- eral lobes of prono- tum. Pronotum 8 -12 7-5-II Rather common in spring and fall. Frequents moist meadows and the more moist portions of uplands. New Haven, 29 August (A. P. M.) ; Mt. Carmel, 4 November (E. J. S. M.) ; Woodbridge, 16 April, New Haven, 2, 24 May, Middletown, 22 September, New Canaan, 4 October (W. E. B.) ; New Haven, 26 April, 17 May, 4 June, 17 August, 10 September, Scotland, 2 September (B. H. W.). a ' b t FIG. 10. Tettix granulatus. Lateral and dorsal views of head. T. granulatus Kirby. Rather more slender and eyes less prominent than in the previous species. Vertex angulate with the median carina very slightly advanced. Pronotum and legs finely granulated. Measurements. Length Pronotum Female I3-5-I5-3 12 -15-5 Male 9-7-13-5 8.6-II.5 Said to be one of the most common and widely spread species of the group, and found in similar locations to omatus. I have NO. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 69 taken ornatus much more frequently. New Haven, 4 June, 20 August, Centerville, 10 May, Lyme, 20 August (B. H. W.). Paratettix Bolivar. The members of this genus are distinguished by the short and narrow vertex which is not projected beyond the eyes. Eyes prominent, antennae with 14 joints. Pronotum with the dorsum flat, front margin truncate. Tegmina in form of oval scales. Wings usually well developed. P. cucullatus Burmeister. Hooded Grouse Locust. • a i Fig. 11. Paratettix cucullatus. Lateral and dorsal views of head. This species is readily recognized by means of the key and the above description. Color a uniform yellowish to grayish brown. Vertex from above but little wider than one of the eyes, which are large and prominent. Pronotum truncate in front and ex- tending forward to the eyes. Measurements. Length Pronotum Female 13. 5-15.5 n _ I3 Male 11 -13.5 g^.n This species is very local in its distribution, occurring along the shores of ponds and streams. Canaan, 18 August (1 female), Thompson, 13 July (scarce), August 4-9 (very scarce), New Haven, 27 August (abundant) (A. P. M.) ; East Hartford, 13 August (1 male) (B. H. W.). Morse states, " The Thompson and Canaan specimens were found in the sandy mud of a lake shore, and were yellowish- gray; the others on a margin of a little stream strewn with fragments of blackened wood and other waste, and were very dark." The East Hartford specimen was taken near a small JO CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. pond in a large excavated area and was of the grayish brown color of the soil. Tettigidea Scudder. More robust and clumsy than previous genera. Head larger and face less oblique. Antennae with 22 joints. The top of the head with a small lobe on either side which projects upon the upper inner border of the eyes. Vertex wider than one of the eyes. Pronotum with the dorsal surface usually finely wrinkled, the sides sloping downward between the shoulders, the rear portion flat. FIG. 12. Tettigidea parvipennis. Dorsal view of head. T. parvipennis Harris. Plate VII, 10. Grayish or light brown above, sides darker. Male with the lower part of the face and the front portion of the lower part of the sides of the pronotum whitish. The pronotum with the median carina distinct, the posterior portion slightly passing the tip of the abdomen, with the wings abortive, or, in the form pennata, passing the tip of the hind femora, and with the wings developed. Measurements. Total length Pronotum Female II.5-I4 IO.4-13 Male S.4-II.5 8 -II T. parvipennis pennata Morse. Measurements. Total length Pronotum Female 15-16. 8 13.3 14.6 Male 11. 5-13 9-8-11.5 The short-winged form is rather more numerous, though neither is very abundant. The species occurs in moist or wet boggy meadows, especially on light soil, and along wet, sandy roadside gutters. Canaan, North Haven, South Kent, Stamford, Xo. l6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 71 Thompson (A. P. M.) ; Woodbridge, 16 April, Kent, 31 August (W. E. B.); West Haven, 27 June (H. L. V.); New Haven, 26 April, 15, 17 May, Scotland, 25-27 July, Meriden, 29 April (B. H. W.). TRYXALIN.E. In the Tryxalince the vertex of the head is nearly horizontal, the face quite oblique, generally forming an acute angle at the union with the vertex. Lateral foveolae are usually well de- veloped, though sometimes absent. The eyes are usually longer than that portion of the cheek below their orbits. The antennae are variable, being acuminate, depressed, or rarely clavate, and situated between or below the middle of the eyes. The pronotum has the front and rear margins of the disk nearly equal in width ; all the carinas are usually distinct, the median carina cut by one sulcus and not raised in the form of a crest. The tegmina and wings are often short and rudimentary, but sometimes fully developed in members of the same species. The inner wing is usually transparent, without bright colors or a black band. Key to Genera. 1. Antennae distinctly ensiform (Fig. 13). Face very oblique 2 Antennae not ensiform. Face less oblique 3 2. Prosternum with obtuse tubercle Pseudopomala p. 73 Prosternum without tubercle Tryxalis p. y2 3. Antennae linear. Spurs on inner side of posterior tibiae about equal 4 Antennae slightly clavate (Fig. 16). Apical spur on inner side of posterior tibiae twice as long as the other spur Eritettix p. 74 4. Foveolae of the vertex wanting or not visible from above 5 Foveolae of the vertex visible from above (Fig. 24).. 9 5. Antennae short, about equal to head plus pronotum. Tegmina with scapular area not dilated 6 Antennae long, depressed, from one and one-half (male) to twice (female) as long as head plus pronotum. Scapular area of tegmina dilated (Fig. 2^) Chloealtis p. 82 J2 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. 6. Sides of pronotum elongated, the length on dorsal margin greater than the depth (Fig. 18a) 7 Sides of pronotum not elongated (Fig. 18b) 8 7. Sides of pronotum nearly vertical, flat above, lateral carinae parallel throughout (Fig. 17a) Dichromorpha p. 76 Sides of pronotum convex above, lateral carinae slightly divergent behind (Fig. 17b) Clinocephalus p. JJ 8. Lateral carinae more or less divergent before and be- hind (Fig. 20). The middle foveolae usually present on front edge of vertex (Fig. 21) Orphulella p. 78 9. Tegmina without well developed intercalary vein. Median carinae of pronotum not high or sharp, and not cut in front of middle by principal sulcus Stenobothrus p. 83 Tegmina with well developed, elevated, intercalary vein. Median carina of pronotum rather high and sharp, cut plainly in front of middle by principal sulcus (Fig. 25) Mecostethus p. 84 Tryxalis Fabricius. Head with the vertex horizontal, the front rounded and pro- jecting beyond the eyes to the distance between the eyes. Median carina faint. Lateral foveola absent. Face very oblique. An- tennae flattened at the base, tapering to a point, and about as long as the head plus the pronotum. Pronotum with the disk flat, the median and lateral carinae distinct and parallel. Median carina cut behind the; middle. Lateral lobes of the pronotum parallel and perpendicular, slightly longer than high, the front and hind margins sloping towards each other ventrally. Wing covers usually extending much beyond the end of the abdomen. Hind femora long and slender. Tibiae with only twelve spines on exterior margin. T. brevicornis Linnaeus. Short-horned Locust. Plate VII, 12. The females are usually either pale green dotted with brown, or pale brown. The males are much smaller and usually have the dorsal surface, face, fore and middle legs, and face of hind No. 16.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 73 femora green with the remainder of the body brown. Hind wings transparent with greenish veins. a Fig. 13. a. Antenna of Pseudo- pomala brachyptcra. b. Antenna of Tryxalis brevi- cornis. FlG. 14. Tryxalis brevicornis. a. Lateral view of tip.of female abdomen. b. Ventral view of tip of male abdomen. Female Male Measurements. Length of Body Antennae 33 11 20 10 Tegmina Hind femora 30 20 20 14 We have no record of the capture of this insect in Connecticut. It is a more southern species, but has been taken on Long Island and should be looked for in late summer on the rank weeds and grasses in wet places throughout the southwestern part of the state. Pseudopomala Morse. Body long and slender. Head with the vertex horizontal in the female, slightly ascending in the male, and projecting in front of the eyes to a distance equaling its width, and with its anterior margin elongately rounded. The median carina more prominent than in Tryxalis. Antennae ensiform ( Fig. 13 ). Face very oblique, frontal costa prominent, slightly sulcate with the sides nearly parallel. Pronotum about twice as long as broad, the .front margin truncate. The disk slightly roof-shaped with lateral carinae parallel. Prosterum bearing an obtuse tubercle. Tegmina usually abbreviated. Hind femora slender, those of the male with a long, stridulating rasp of fine teeth. Hind tibiae with 12 to 19 spines on exterior margin. Apical spine absent. P. brachyptera Scudder. Plate VII, II. Light brown with darker brown dots and longitudinal mark- ings. Tips of antennae, hind tibiae, and tibial spines more or less 74 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SDRVEY. [Bull. infuscate. Tegmina of male with apical two-thirds nearly trans- parent, those of the female opaque. a u Fig. 15. Pseudopomala brachyptera. r a. Lateral view of tip of female at> lomen. b. Ventral view of tip of male abdi amen. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind femora Female 27.5-29.5 8.5-IO 7 -12 14 -19 Male 23.5-27 9-5-H-5 9 -12.3 I3-5-I5.5 Long-winged female l8 -22 Long-winged male I5-5-I7 This odd-looking insect is sometimes locally common on light waste lands. It is sluggish in its movements and is usually found clinging to the stems of grass, especially the bunch grass, Andropogon scoparius. It attempts to escape notice by slipping around to the opposite side of the stem. Canaan, North Haven, Thompson (A. P. M.) ; Scotland, 25 July-10 August, Plainfield, 14 August (B. H. W.) ; West Woodstock, September (W.B.). Eritettix Bruner. Head with the occiput moderately rounded. The vertex sub- triangular, the front rounded. Lateral carinas usually distinct, sometimes appearing as heavy raised lines. The median carina extends from the pronotum to the front of the vertex. There are also two supplementary carinas extending from the pronotum to a point opposite the front margin of the eyes where each is sharply bent to meet the lateral carinae (Fig. 16). Frontal costa gradually divergent, a little constricted about the ocellus and slightly sulcate from the ocellus part way to the vertex. Antennae somewhat flattened basally and clavate apically. Pro- notum with the median and lateral carinae distinct, cut behind the middle, also a supplementary carina on either side about mid- way between the median and lateral carinae. Lateral lobes about as high as long, the front and posterior margins nearly straight, the former rather more oblique. Tegmina and wings usually No. 16.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 75 well developed. Posterior femora stout, unhanded, and extend- ing to end of abdomen in female, beyond in male. FlG. 16. Eritettix carinatus. Dorsal view of head and pronotum of male. E. carinatus Scudder. This is a very pretty species ; the two females in our col- lection are as follows : — General color grayish brown, dorsal field of pronotum with a narrow line of white extending along either side just above the lateral carinas. Between this line and the supplementary carinas is a broad band of velvety brownish black which is extended along the top of the head nearly to the vertex, its outer edge narrowed by the upper border of the eye. The central portion of the top of the pronotum between the sup- plementary carinas and extending to the front of the vertex is grayish brown. Wing covers not reaching the end of the ab- domen ; with an indistinct dark median stripe, below which, ex- tending along the basal half of the wing cover, is a greenish white stripe. Hind femora without markings, reaching to the end of the abdomen. The males are darker, with markings less distinct. The wing covers surpass the end of the abdomen by about 3 mm. and the hind femora reach about half-way between the end of the abdomen and the end of the wing covers. Female Male Measurements. Body Antennas 23 5-5 16 5 Tegmina Hind femora 13.5 12 12.5 IO Scudder gives the Middle States as the locality for this species, and our Connecticut records for this species, published in Psyche* * Psycne . Vol. XI, p. 23, 1904. 7 6 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. were the first ones for New England. It occurs on light dry soil where there is but little vegetation. Two of the specimens captured by the writer were taken in abandoned fields, and the third in a dry pasture. New Haven, 16 June, Mt. Carmel, 31 October, Orange, 2 November (nymphs) (E. J. S. M.) ; East Haven, 31 May (M. Hebard) ; Centerville, 25 May to 8 June, Southington, 30 June (B. H. W.). Dichromorpha Morse. Vertex much shorter than broad. Lateral carinse elevated and meeting in front in a blunt point. Median carina and lateral foveolae absent. Antennae slightly flattened, about the length of the head plus the pronotum. Dorsal surface of the pronotum flat, with the three carinse straight and parallel, cut behind the middle by the principal sulcus. Sides of the pronotum perpen- dicular, longer than deep. Tegmina rarely reaching the end of the abdomen. Hind femora stout, not banded. Fig. 18. a. Dichromorpha viridis. b. Orph ulella pelidn a . Lateral view of pronotum. FIG. 17. a. Dichromorpha viridis. b. Clinocephalus elegans. Disk and cross section of pronotum. D. viridis Scudder. Short-winged Green Locust. Plate VIII, I. This species is dimorphic as regards form and color. The male is nearly always green above and dull brown below. Rarely males occur which are brown above. The females are either bright green or dull brown. Tegmina ovate lanceolate, about one-half the length of the abdomen in the female, three-fourths in the male. Hind femora reaching the end of the abdomen in NO. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 7 J the female and extending beyond about one-fourth their length in the male. Occasionally in the female the tegmina reach the end of the abdomen. This form has been named punctulata, and may be either green or brown, the former color predominating. Punctu- lata males are very rare. The collection contains two males with the tegmina longer than any that the writer has seen recorded. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind femora Female 23-27 7 -8 8-IO 14 -15 Male 15-16 6.5-8.5 6- 9 9.5-10.5 Long- winged form Female 19 Male 14 A common species. Delights in moist places where the grass is luxuriant and green throughout the season. Taken in various parts of the state from 17 July until 23 October. Clinocephalus Morse. Vertex shorter than broad, lateral carinse elevated and meeting in front in a blunt point. Median carina and lateral foveolse not present. Antennae slender, longer than the head plus the pro- notum (male), or as long as the head plus the prozona (female). Pronotum with the disk nearly flat, the three carinse well de- veloped, the lateral carinse parallel on the prozona, slightly divergent on the metazona, cut behind the middle by the principal sulcus. Sides of the pronotum longer than deep, perpendicular below, convex on the upper third. Tegmina nearly or quite reaching the tip of the abdomen. Hind femora slender, not banded. " This genus occupies an intermediate place between Di- chromorpha and Orphidella, and is closely related to the former, from which it differs especially in having the sides of the pro- notum convex below the lateral carinas, which, in addition, are slightly divergent on the metazona." C. elegans Morse. Fig. 17. The general color varies from light olivaceous green to dark greenish brown. A dark brown or blackish stripe reaching from 78 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. the posterior border of the eye along the upper part of the lateral lobes of the pronotum and sometimes to the humeral field of the tegmina ; sometimes this band is faint. The female may be taken for that of Stenobothrus curtipennis but is readily distinguished by the absence of foveolae and the more elongated pronotum with the less divergent lateral carinae. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 20.5-23 5 I2 I2 -3 Male 17 7-5-8 10.5 10 This species has not been taken in Connecticut, but occurs in New Jersey, and should be looked for in the southern part of the state. Orphulella Giglio-Tos. Vertex nearly horizontal, not extending beyond the eyes for a distance greater than its width. Median carina, if present, very faint. Lateral foveolae small and not visible from above. Pronotum with the median carina sharp, cut either at or behind the middle. The lateral carinae divergent before and behind the middle. Lateral lobes of pronotum as broad as long ; front border moderately oblique; hind border less oblique and slightly sinuate. Tegmina and wings well developed. The teg- mina narrow, little shorter than the abdomen in some species and considerably longer in others. Hind femora of medium size, often banded. FlG.^ig. a. Orphulella pelidna. b. Orphulella speciosa. Dorsal view of head of male. c. Orphulella olivacea. Fig. 20. a. Orphulella pelidna. b. Orphulella speciosa. Disk of pronotum, female. c. Orphulella olivacea. NO. l6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 79 Three species are found in Connecticut. These are difficult to determine, as individuals of the same species vary greatly in color, markings, and even structure. Key to Species. Vertex of head about right-angled or a little acute in the male, slightly narrowed between the eyes. The central depression back one-fourth to one-third the width of the vertex. Lateral carinas of pronotum strongly incurved and the distance between them at hind mar- gin much greater than at front margin. Median carina cut at middle. Tegmina usually surpass- ing hind femora (Figs. 19a and 20a) pelidna Vertex of head blunt, rounded, obtuse in the female, right-angled in the male, scarcely narrowed between the eyes. The central depression close to apex. Lateral carinae of pronotum little incurved, the dis- tance between them but little greater at hind margin than at the front. Median carina cut back of the middle. Tegmina about reaching end of hind femora, often shorter, rarely surpassing it (Figs. 19b and 20b) speciosa Vertex of head acute, the sides often incurved in the males, distinctly narrowed between the eyes. Central depression back from the apex about one-half the width of the vertex. Lateral carinse of pronotum little incurved, the distance between them much greater at hind margin than at the front. Median carina cut back of the middle. Tegmina usually extending beyond the hind femora (Figs. 19c and 20c) . . . .olivacea Fig. 21. Orphulella pelidna, female. Lateral view of head. O. pelidna Burmeister. Figs. 19a and 20a. Head with the vertex raised above the disk. Median carina absent. Foveolae distinct, narrowly triangular. Frontal costa 80 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. rounded at the union with the vertex. The hind femora of the female usually slightly exceeding the end of the abdomen, those of the male extending about 2 mm. beyond. The tegmina always reach to the end of the hind femora, and usually pass it from 1.5 to 3 mm. in the female and from 1 to 4.5 mm. in the male. Tegmina with a median band of square black spots, and with the sides nearly parallel. Color is variable, brownish specimens being most common. The top of the head and pronotum and the median and dorsal portion of tegmina may be brown, rose-red, or green. Bright green males are rather rare. The top of the head and pronotum often have a pair of velvety, brownish-black stripes, with the carinre whitish. There is usually a dark band from the rear of the eyes along the top border of the lobes of the pronotum, and a blackish triangular patch on either side of the disk of the metazona next to the lateral carinas. Speci- mens thus marked appear at a glance as belonging to a species entirely different from the individuals with a solid color on the upper surface. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 16.5-23-5 5-5-7 I3-5-20 IO.5-12.5 Male U-5-I5-5 4-7-6.5 12. 5-16. 5 8-5- 9-8 This species occurs from the middle of July until about the middle of September, and Morse states that it is found on the drier portions of the land adjoining the salt marshes, on the more densely grassed portions of ground just inshore of the sandy beaches, and on loamy or sandy soil further inland. Some of the inland records are as follows : — Montville, Thompson (A. P. M.) ; Scotland, 27 July to 10 August, Canterbury, 14 August (B. H. W.) O. speciosa Scudder. Plate VIII, 2. Figs 19b and 20b. Head with the vertex more blunt than in pelidna. Margins of vertex less raised. Foveoloe less distinct. The disk of the pronotum more nearly equal in width at the anterior and posterior margins and the sides less constricted at the middle than in the two other species. The principal sulcus cuts the disk somewhat behind the middle. The tegmina usually reach about to the end of the hind femora, though they vary from 1.5 mm. short NO. l6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 8l of the end of the femora to 2 mm. beyond in the female, and in the male from 3 mm. short of the end to 3 mm. beyond. The teg- mina taper slightly towards the apex. The color of this species is even more variable than in pelidna, having not only the same color forms as the latter, but many intermediate shades. Morse gives the more striking variations as follows : Head Pronotum Tegmina I Green Green Green 2 Green Green Rose-red 3 Brown Brown Rose-red 4 Brown Brown Brown. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 16-21. 5 5 -6.5 9" 16 9.5-12 Male 13-14 4.5-6.5 10- 13.3 8.5-10 This species, which is one of the most abundant species of Tryxalince, is found throughout New England, while the other two species occur principally in the southern part. Speciosa is found on rather light soil of pastures and cultivated fields. We have taken specimens in various parts of the state from 19 July to 3 October. O. olivacea Morse. Figs. 19c and 20c. Allied to pelidna. Aside from the differences in the key the vertex is more nearly horizontal and meets the front at a sharper angle. The face is more oblique and the antennae shorter. The pronotum is longer and the prozona wider, with the lateral carinas less incurved and forming straight lines rather than curves. It differs from speciosa in having the lateral carinse strongly divergent on the metazona, making the disk much wider at the posterior margin than the anterior. The tegmina sur- pass the hind femora by at least 2 mm., tapering somewhat towards the apex. The color is more uniform than in the other two species, being in general pale brown to dark olive brown, or light green above and pale brown below. Darker markings more or less similar to those of other species. The colors have a peculiar olivaceous tinge which corresponds to the tints of the vegetation where it is found. Olivacea is somewhat the largest of the three species. 6 82 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Female Male Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina 21-25 6 17-21 16. 5-18. 7 6-7 14-17 Hind Femora 12. 5-14 IO -IO.5 This species was described by Prof. Morse from specimens which he took at Greenwich and Stamford, August nth to 28th. It has also been taken at New Haven (B. H. W.). In regard to its occurrence Morse says, " This species, though not widely spread, was locally very plenty in the salt marshes, its green and olivaceous tints closely matching in color the marsh grasses in which it made its home. The ground beneath was often over- flowed at high tide and offered a retreat to myriads of fiddler crabs, being much wetter and of a wholly different character from the situations frequented by pelidna and speciosa." Chloealtis Harris. Head with the vertex triangular, the margins but little raised. Median carina faint, but present. Foveolae absent. Antennae flattened at base, nearly one and one-half times (females) or twice (males) the length of head and pronotum. Pronotum with the three carinae present and cut much behind the middle by the principal sulcus. Lateral carinae but little incurved in the male, slightly more so in the female. Lateral lobes of the pronotum a little longer than deep, the front and hind margins straight, both strongly and equally oblique. The lower margins with the back portion nearly horizontal and the front portion ascending. Tegmina of female usually abbreviated and wings abortive, while those of the male are well developed, with the scapular area well developed and with many cross veins. Hind femora of medium size and banded on the upper face. Ovipositor short, the upper valves enlarged and strongly toothed at base (Fig. 22). sc a fclG. 32. Chloealtis conspersa, female. Tip of abdomen, from side. Fig. 23. Chloealtis conspersa, male. Tegmen. NO. l6.] OKTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 83 C. conspersa Harris. Plate VIII, 3. Females dull yellow to dark brown. Pronotum with a more or less distinct blackish band along the upper margin. The first two or three abdominal segments with more or less black. Teg- mina usually more or less sprinkled with dark dots. The males usually light brown above, with the lateral lobes of the pronotum always shiny black and the first abdominal segments with the sides black. The tegmina of females about one-half the length of the abdomen, while those of the male reach nearly to the tip. The inner wings much shorter. The hind femora of both sexes with two light spots on the outer face. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 20-28 10-12 7 -10 11. 5-16 Male 15-18 io-ii 7-7-12 10. 7-13 Occurs along the edges of dry, open woods, and in neglected fence corners. Eggs are deposited in fence rails or dry sticks and logs. Stenobothrus Fischer. Vertex obtusely triangular in female, acute in male. Foveolse plainly seen from above as linear depressions. Median carina absent. Antennae longer than head plus pronotum, nearly twice as long in the male. Median carina of pronotum cut some- what behind the middle, the lateral carinas incurved. Lateral lobes of the pronotum about as long as deep, nearly straight on front margin, sinuate on the back and lower margins. Tegmina variable, usually short in female and well developed in male. Wings slightly shorter than the tegmina. Hind femora rather slender, without cross-bars. Fig. 24. Stenobothrus curtipennis, female. Head, from above. S. curtipennis Harris. Short-winged Brown Locust. Plate VIII, 4. The color and markings of this species are extremely variable. The dorsal surface of head, pronotum, and tegmina vary from light brown to fuscous. The face, cheeks, and sides of pronotum may be fuscous, green, or gray. Usually a dark fuscous band from the back of the eye along the upper border of the sides of 84 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. the pronotum. The antennae yellowish brown at base, dark brown or black towards the tips. The sides of the abdomen marked with black and the knees of the hind legs also black. The tegmina are extremely variable, and, while most of the in- dividuals belong either to the short-winged or to the long-winged forms, no line can be drawn between them, as many examples are found varying from one form to the other. In the short-winged specimens the tegmina usually lack 3-5 mm. (females) or 2-3 mm. (males) of reaching the end of the hind femora. In the long- winged form they reach the end of the hind femora or pass it by 1-2 mm. The hind wings are always present, somewhat shorter than the tegmina, their usefulness depending upon their size. The males resemble those of Chloealtis conspersa, but are readily distinguished by the presence of the foveolae (Fig. 24). Measurements. Body Antennas Tegmina Hind Femora Female 15 -24-5 6.5- 8 7 -I6.5 II. 5-14 Male I3-5-I5-5 8.5-10.5 8.5-15 IO.5-II.8 This species is often abundant in the tall grass of moist meadows, along ditches, or wherever the vegetation is thick and succulent. Morse states, " The season during which it may be procured in the adult state is the longest of all our locusts. I have captured specimens from June 24th to November 17th." We have taken it in various parts of the state from 11 July to 4 October. Mecostethus Fieber. Head with the vertex horizontal, the median and lateral carinas distinct, the latter straight. Apex truncate or broadly rounded. Lateral foveolae small, triangular. Antennae of male slightly exceeding the head plus the pronotum. Pronotum with the three carinae distinct, the median carina prominent, cut some- what in front of the middle. The disk rugose, with the posterior margin obtuse or rounded. The lateral lobes about as deep as long. Tegmina and wings well developed, usually surpassing the tip of the abdomen in both sexes. The intercalary vein elevated, and in the male furnished with a stridulating rasp. Hind femora rather slender, exceeding the tip of the abdomen in the male. Sub-anal plate of the male long, at least twice the NO. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 85 length of its greatest depth. Valves of the ovipositor strongly protruding. Fig. 25. a. Mecostethus platytterus, male. Ventral view of tip of abdomen. b. M. platypterus, female. Disk of pronotum. c. M. lineatus, female. Disk of pronotum. Key to Species. Lateral carina? of pronotum distinctly divergent behind. Prozona shorter than the metazona. Scapular area of tegmina with a pale basal streak lineatus Lateral carinas of the pronotum nearly parallel. Prozona and metazona of about equal length. Scapular area of tegmina without a pale basal streak platypterus M. lineatus Scudder. General color yellowish to dark brown, the males usually the lighter. A narrow yellow line (more or less obscure in the female) extending from the upper border of the eye to the pro- notum ; below this is an indistinct dark band extending across the upper part of the lateral lobes of pronotum. The tegmina with a distinct yellow streak along the base of the discoidal area, extending from one-half to two-thirds their length. Hind femora with the outer face yellowish or reddish brown, darker below, with the lower face usually bright red, the apex black. Hind tibiae yellowish with a pale ring towards the base; spines black. The tegmina of this species are narrower and of a more uniform color than in platypterus. The teeth of the rasp are low and dull. The under side of the ninth abdominal segment of the male has no mid-stripe of black. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 34-38 TO-II.5 26-31.5 I8-2I Male 23-27 11-12 21-26.5 I4-5-I8 Morse states, " Though somewhat local, this species is rather common in southern New England in wet, sedgy meadows along 86 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. rivers and brooks and in swampy tracts where water often stands on the ground for days at a time — may be looked for from the middle of July till the end of the season." North Haven, Thompson ( A. P. M.) ; West Woodstock (W. B.) ; New Haven, 20 July (B. H. W.). M. platypterus. General color a darker brown than in lineatus. The dorsal margin of tegmina a grayish brown, with no yellow stripe along the scapular area. The ninth abdominal segment of the male has on the under (ventral) side a mid-stripe of black (Fig. 25a), which is not present in lineatus. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 35-40 10-11 24-25 17.6-20.6 Male 23-26 11-12.5 19-21 15 -16.5 This species has been taken by Professor Morse at Thompson in company with lineatus, but is much less common, the female hard to flush and consequently difficult to secure. cedipodin^:. Head with the vertex sloping downward, the face nearly vertical, rounded where joined to the vertex. Eyes rather small, shorter than the portion of the cheek below their orbits. An- tennae linear or sub-linear, situated above the middle of the eyes, sometimes almost above the eyes themselves. Disk of the prono- tum with the rear margin much wider than the anterior margin. The lateral carinas usually not distinct, the median carina wholly or at least partly crested, and cut by one or two sulci (except in Arphia, in which the median carina is entire). The tegmina and wings fully developed, usually bright-colored, and with a dark median band. Key to Genera. 1. Median carina of pronotum in female always cut by one or more sulci. Tegmina with apical half membranous and regularly reticulate 2 Median carina of pronotum not cut by principal sulcus (Fig. 26). Tegmina with apical half leathery and irregularly reticulate Arphia p. 88 NO. l6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 87 2. Median carina cut by only one sulcus 3 Median carina cut by two sulci, the front notch often less distinct than the posterior 9 3. Disk of inner wing nearly transparent, not distinctly bounded by black border 4 Disk of inner wing opaque, colored (red, orange, yellow, or black), bounded by black border except when disk is black 6 4. Pronotum with the disk flat, the dorsal front margin truncate. Hind femora with dusky cross-bars on outer face 5 Pronotum with the disk roof-shaped, sides sloping downward, dorsal front margin angulate. Hind femora without dusky cross-bars on outer face Chortophaga p. 90 5. Frontal costa of male strongly sulcate the entire length. Median carina of pronotum prominent, higher on prozona than on metazona, distinctly cut by the prin- cipal sulcus Encoptolophus p. 91 Frontal costa of male sulcate only just below the ocellus. Median carina of pronotum low, of equal height throughout, faintly cut by principal sulcus Camnula p. 92 6. Body slender, often compressed. Pronotum with the lateral carinas extending only to the principal sulcus and cut by it 7 Body, especially of female, robust. Pronotum with the lateral carinae extending in front of the principal sulcus and not cut by it (Fig. 28). Disk of pronotum often with numerous tubercles Hippiscus p. 93 7. Disk of wing yellow with dark median band 8 Disk of wing black with pale border (Plate IX, 1) Dissosteira p. 96 8. Size medium; female usually over 30 mm., male over 26 mm. in length Spharagemon p. 97 Size smaller, female usually less than 30 mm., male less than 25 mm. in length Scirtetica p. 101 9. Antennae of male shorter than the hind femora, basal joints not strongly flattened. Frontal costa above the ocellus wider than the basal joints of antennae. . 10 88 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Antennae of male longer than hind femora, the basal joints strongly flattened. Frontal costa narrowed towards apex, but at the widest point above the ocellus narrower than the basal joints of antennae Psinidia p. 102 10. Hind tibiae entirely pale. General color light brown or buff and white. Radial veins of wings not enlarged Trimerotropis p. 103 Hind tibiae dusky towards base and at tip. General color dark gray or black. Wings with two or three radial veins distinctly enlarged (Fig. 34) Circotettix p. 104 Arphia Stal. Vertex of the head triangular with the apex blunt or truncate, the disk with a distinct, usually deep, transverse curved depres- sion back of the middle. Lateral carinae distinct, the median carina broken by the depression. Foveolae rather large but shallow. Frontal costa rather broad and sulcate around and below the ocellus. Pronotum with the medium carina compressed, high, and not notched by the principal sulcus. The front margin obtusely angulate and extended upon the posterior third of the occiput. Lateral edges of the disk rounded, lateral carinae distinct only on the metazona. Sides of the pronotum not as long as deep. Tegmina leathery in texture, densely and irregu- larly reticulate. Inner wings (of our species) yellow at base. Hind femora stout, the basal half broadly flattened. a Fig. 26. a. Arphia sulphurea, male. b. Arphia xanthoptera, male. Lateral view of pronotum. Key to Species. Frontal costa with the upper third narrowed, the sides ap- proaching each other and meeting at connection with the vertex. Median carina of pronotum moderately No. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 89 elevated, but little arched. Hind margin of prono- tum right-angled in male, slightly obtuse in female sulphurea Frontal costa with the sides scarcely approaching each other, not meeting at the union with the vertex. Median carina high and arched. Hind margin of the pronotum acute- angled xanthoptera A. sulphurea Fabricius. Sulphur-winged Locust. General color yellowish brown to blackish brown in the males. Females usually somewhat lighter than the males. The tegmina in both more or less sprinkled with darker brown dots. The inner wings with the basal two-thirds a bright sulphur yellow ; the outer third with a curved dusky band. Just back from the front margin of the wing and extending from the dusky band, is a streak of the same color, reaching nearly to the base of the Fig. 27. Arphia sulphurea, male. Wing, sfs, sub-frontal shoot. wing, Fig. 2J* Hind femora with a pale ring near the apex, the inner surface with alternate bands of black and white, which are often faintly extended to the outer surface. Hind tibiae nearly black or bluish black with a pale ring near the base. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Females 26-28 6-7.5 20.5-23 I3>5- X 5*3 Males 17-19 6-7.5 17.5-20 11 -12.5 A very common species found in dry pastures. It commences to appear in early May and is most abundant through June and early July, though scattering specimens are found much later. The males, when disturbed, fly in short, zigzag flights, making a crackling noise. ♦This is sometimes called the sub-frontal shoot, and this term will be used when this character is referred to in following species. 90 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. A. xanthoptera Germar. Plate VIII, 5. This species is somewhat larger than sulphured and will be readily recognized by the characters given in the key. The front of the vertex is truncate ; its lateral carinas do not meet but are continuous with the sides of the frontal costa, which scarcely approach each other, and do not meet at the apex. The color varies from yellowish brown or bright reddish brown to nearly black. The tegmina, especially of the female, are sprinkled with dark. The disks of the wings are of a deeper yellow than in salphurea. The sub-frontal shoot is about as long as the width of the band, and reaches less than half-way to the base of the wing. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 28-32 9-H-5 26.5-30 I 7 -18.5 Male 21-25 10- 1 1 22.5-27 14. 6-17. 3 This species occurs in similar locations to, and with sulphured, replacing it during the latter part of the season. Chortophaga Saussure. Body rather slender, compressed, and punctate or finely wrinkled. Vertex triangular, the apex truncate. Median carina absent. Lateral carinas rather faint. Lateral foveolae triangular and very shallow. Frontal costa rather narrow, the lower part sulcate, the sides approaching each other slightly on the upper part and meeting those of the vertex. Antennae rather short and flattened. Disk of pronotum roof-shaped, the front obtusely angled and produced forward slightly upon the occiput, the posterior margin acute-angled. Median carina prominent, slightly curved in profile, faintly cut a little before the middle. Lateral lobes of the pronotum deeper than long. Tegmina nar- row, extending beyond the abdomen. Inner wings with the apical half somewhat smoky. Hind femora of medium size, sur- passing the abdomen in male, usually slightly shorter than the abdomen in female. C. viridifasciata DeGeer. Green-striped Locust. Plate VIII, 6. This is the only species of our (Edipodin-ce that is dimorphic in regard to color. Several forms have been described; but, No. l6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 91 as they grade into each other, only two forms are usually recognized, the green form, virginiana, and the brown form, infuscata. Many of the females can be referred to the green form while the majority of the males are brown. Virginiana usually has the head, pronotum, and outer face of hind femora bright green with a broad stripe of the same color along the basal two-thirds of the outer edge of the tegmina. The re- mainder of tegmina is light brown, and the abdomen reddish brown. In the brown form the tegmina are more or less mottled with light and dark brown. The inner wings of both forms are transparent, yellowish at the base, with the apical two-thirds smoky, becoming paler at apex ; along the middle of the front margin is a dark bar. Hind, tibiae pale to dark brown, often with a pink, purple, or bluish cast, and with more or less distinct black bars on inner face which often show on the upper outer groove. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 22-32 6-8 18.6-25 13 -15-5 Male 17-20 6-8 16.8-20 IO. 5-12.5 This species passes the winter in the nymph stage and the adults appear during the last of April, being the earliest as well as one of the most common of our springtime locusts. It is scarce during August, but is found from September until frost. It occurs throughout the state. Encoptolophus Scudder. Head somewhat swollen. Body a little shorter and stouter than in Chortophaga. Vertex broad, triangular, with the disk lower than the occiput. Median carina present but reaching only to the middle of the disk. Foveolae long, triangular. Frontal costa narrow, deeply sulcate its entire length in the male, sulcate only above the ocellus in the female. Antennae about as long as the head plus the pronotum in the female, somewhat longer in the male, moderately flattened apically. Pronotum with the disk flat, the front margin nearly truncate, the posterior margin right- angled. The median carina cut at the middle, the front half slightly higher. The sides deeper than long, compressed, and much wrinkled. Tegmina rather broad, equaling or slightly sur- passing the abdomen in the female, always surpassing it in the 92 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. male. The intercalary vein much nearer the ulnar vein than the median, and the discoidal area as wide as the widest part of ulnar area. E. sordidus Burmeister. Clouded Locust. Color rusty yellow or dark brown, mottled with darker or lighter shades of brown. In living specimens the disk of the pronotum often with a pinkish buff, X-shaped mark. Hind margin of pronotum often marked with dark velvety brown. Tegmina with two rather irregular, distinct pale bands. Inner wings transparent yellowish at base, the outer half smoky and becoming darker at apex. Hind femora with faint bands of pale and dark brown. Hind tibiae with pale ring near the base. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 24-35 8-9 20.5-24 14-15. 5 Male 19-21. 5 8-9 16-19. 5 11-12 This species appears about the first of August, and is very common in old pastures and fields throughout the state during the remainder of the season. Camnula Stal. Size rather smaller than the average of the CEdipodina. Head compressed, vertex ovate in male, broader in female, with the front sloping downward. Median carina very faint, hardly showing in male. Foveolae indistinct. Frontal costa not promi- nent, nearly flat, sulcate around the ocellus. Antennae short and slender. Pronotum with the disk flat and smooth, truncate in front, obtusely angled behind. Median carina low, of equal height throughout, faintly cut in front of the middle. Sides of pronotum deeper than long. Tegmina narrow, reaching be- yond the abdomen. Inner wings pellucid. C. pellucida Scudder. Clear-winged Locust. Plate VIII, 7. Light yellowish brown to fuscous. Antennae pale at base, darker towards apex. A dark, somewhat triangular spot behind the eye, and a vertical elongated mark on and often nearly cover- ing the front half of the lateral lobes of pronotum. Tegmina dark brown towards base, smoky towards apex, irregularly NO. l6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 93 marked with patches of light and dark. The dorsal surface dark brown with a yellow stripe along each humeral angle. Inner wings transparent with the nervules dark. Hind femora yellowish with the apex fuscous and faintly marked with dark bars. Hind tibiae yellowish brown, paler towards base. Measurements. Body Antenna Tegmina Hind Femora Female 21-28 6-8.5 19 -23-5 II -14.7 Male 17-21 7-9 I5-5-I3.5 9.5-12.3 Morse states : ' In the markings of the tegmina, form, and color, pellucida looks like a diminutive Hippiscus, to which genus Camnula is not distantly related. It varies much in size and tegminal markings, but is not likely to be confused with any other species found here. It is extremely common, even abundant locally, throughout the northern part of New England, being probably the most numerous in point of individuals of any of our CEdipodince. It is found in dry grassy pastures and over other untilled lands, preferably on high ground. ... It be- gins to appear in the winged state about July ist and may be found during the rest of the season." In Connecticut it occurs locally in the higher portions through- out the northern part. Thompson ( " Not uncommon in a locality on north side of a high drumlin a mile east of village "), South Kent (A. P. M.) ; Colebrook, 21 July (H. L. V.). Hippiscus Saussure. Our species of this genus rather large and robust. Head large with swollen cheeks. Disk of vertex sloping downward, broad, triangular, with apex obtusely rounded. Lateral carinae not sharp. Median carina distinct at least on posterior half and extending back on the occiput. Foveolae inconspicuous, usually triangular. Antennae about the length of head. Pro- notum slightly flattened apically; the disk flat, more or less roughened and with numerous blunt tubercles, truncate and some- what constricted in front, usually right-angled or obtuse at posterior margin. Median carina distinct and cut by the principal sulcus. The lateral carinae extending somewhat beyond the principal sulcus and not cut by it. Lateral lobes of pronotum 94 « CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. constricted a little in front of the middle, about as long as deep. Tegmina extending considerably beyond the abdomen, especially in the male. Hind femora broad, flattened. a i FIG. a8. a. Hippiscus rugosus, female. b. Hippiscus tuberculatus, female. Lateral view of head and pronotum. Key to species. Vertex much produced in front of eyes. Pronotum with the hind margin of vertex acutely angled. The prozona much shorter than the metazona tuberculatus Vertex less produced in front of eyes. Pronotum with the hind margin of vertex obtuse (female) or right-angled (male). The prozona and metazona about equal in length rugosus H. tuberculatus Palisot de Beauvois. Coral-winged Locust. Plate VIII, 8, 9. Vertex considerably produced, sloping downward, and meet- ing the front at an angle (Fig. 28b). The lateral carinae are dis- tinct and are continuous with those of the frontal costa. Median carina distinct on occiput and extending to center of disk. Foveolae very small, triangular. Pronotum with the disk granu- lated with small roundish tubercles. Hind femora very broad and flattened. General color ash-brown, darker above. Antennae yellowish at base, darker towards the apex. Pronotum with a short longitudinal bar on the middle of the lateral lobes. Teg- mina with fuscous and black patches. Humeral angle usually No. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 95 light brown. Wings generally bright coral red, rarely yellow, at base, bordered by a curved fuscous band with a sub-frontal shoot extending nearly to the base. The outer face of hind femora with faint blackish bars ; the inner face black at base, with the apical half yellow and crossed by a narrow black band. Hind tibiae yellowish to bright brown. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 36-44 11. 5-13. 5 30-32 18.5-20.5 Male 25-28 10. 5-12 24-30 14 -16 This is our largest locust belonging to the CEdipodince. The males are ready fliers, taking to wing upon being approached. The female seldom flies up more than once and often escapes notice by remaining quiet. The species is found in dry, bushy pastures, on hillsides, or on light, uncultivated soils. The young appear about the first of September, and are " curious little de- pressed toadlike objects usually purplish leaden in color." This species reaches the adult stage the last of April or the first of May and is found until the latter part of July. Our earliest record is April 28. Thompson, South Kent (A. P. M.) ; New Haven, 4 May, 12 May. Oxford, 21 May, Rainbow, 24 May (W. E. B.) ; New Haven, 17 June (E. J. S. M.) ; Hamden 28 April, New Haven, 4 May, 14 June, Milldale, 21 May (B. H. W.). H. rugosus Scudder. This species is similar in size to tuberculatus. The vertex does not extend so far in front of the eyes and is more rounded at the connection with the face (Fig. 28a). The median carina extends to the front and a cross carina divides the disk into four nearly equal parts. Pronotum with the surface of the disk with numerous oblong or elongated tubercles, the hind margin ob- tusely angled. The disk of the hind wings usually pale yellow but varying to orange. * H. rugosus is very rare in New England and has not been recorded from Connecticut. It has been taken in Norway, Maine, and in Eastern Massachusetts. Scudder gives the distribution as " U. S. east of the Rocky Mountains." It should be looked for in localities similar to those inhabited by tuberculatus. 96 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Dissosteira Scudder. Body slender, compressed, with the head rather prominent. Disk of vertex somewhat ovate, the front truncate. Lateral carinas low; the median carina faint. Foveolae small, triangular. Frontal costa sulcate, a little narrowed above and below the ocellus. Disk of pronotum with the front margin nearly trun- cate, the posterior angle obtuse. Median carina high, cut in front of the middle by a deep narrow notch, the posterior portion strongly arched. Lateral carinas rounded, extending only to the principal sulcus. Lateral lobes of pronotum deeper than long. Tegmina broad, extending about a third of their length beyond the end of the abdomen. The intercalary vein prominent and about midway between the median and ulnar veins. Inner wings large, black, with a narrow yellowish border along the outer edge as far as the apex, which is fuscous. Hind femora rather stout, but small for the size of the species, shorter than the abdomen in both sexes. D. Carolina Linnaeus. Carolina Locust. Plate IX, 1. Color varying from light grayish yellow to dark fuscous. The tegmina usually thickly sprinkled with small dark dots, though specimens occur with the tegmina almost unspotted. Inner wings nearly black with the outer border pale greenish yellow, the apex smoky with several darker spots. Hind femora with the inner face whitish and crossed with three blackish bands, the first nearly covering the basal half. Hind tibiae dirty yellow, usually with a whitish annulus near the base. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 33-42 H-5-I3 36-43 15.5-20.5 Male 24-28 9-5-n 28-33.5 12. 6-I4.7 The Carolina locust is familiar to every one. It occurs along the roadside, in cultivated fields, and especially in places where there is more or less bare earth. It is a strong flier, and when alighting generally chooses a bare spot of ground with which the colors often harmonize so that it is very hard to detect. This locust is found throughout Connecticut ; in fact, it is distributed all No. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 97 over the United States and Canada, except on the highest eleva- tions. The adults appear about the first of July and are found until frost. Spharagemon Scudder. Body slender, somewhat compressed. Head somewhat swollen dorsally. Vertex with the lateral carinas converging more rapidly than in Dissosteira. Median carina faint or wanting. Lateral foveolae more distinct than in Dissosteira. Frontal costa narrow, sulcate around and below the ocellus. Antennae about as long as hind femora, slightly flattened towards the base. Pro- notum with the disk much as in Dissosteira. The median carina prominent, usually high and deeply cut in front of the middle by a narrow notch. Tegmina considerably surpassing the ab- domen in both sexes, the intercalary vein less prominent than in the previous genus and nearer the median than the ulnar vein. Inner wings with the base yellow, bordered by a dark median band. Hind femora rather stout, nearly reaching (female) or surpassing (male) the end of the abdomen. Hind tibiae in our species with considerable red. a Fig. 29. a. Spharagemon bolli, female, b. Spharagemon collare scudderi, female, c. Spharagemon saxatile, female. Lateral view, and disk, of pronotum. Key to Species. 1. Pronotum with the hind margin about right-angled. Notch in median carina vertical 2 Pronotum with the hind margin acute-angled. Notch of median carina oblique, the sides often overlapping (Fig. 29b) collare var. 7 98 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. 2. Median carina rather high, the notch narrow, disk of prozona not elevated (Fig. 29a). Hind tibia? with a pale ring followed by an equally wide dusky band bolli Median carina lower, the notch deeper and more open, disk of prozona somewhat elevated (Fig. 29c). Hind tibiae very rarely with a distinct dark band following the light basal ring saxatile S. collare Scudder, vars. scudderi Morse, and wyomingia- num Thomas. These two forms of collare are readily distinguished from bolli and saxatile by the characters given in the key. The general color is pale yellow to pinkish brown in wyomingianum, often more rusty in scudderi and thickly sprinkled with dark brown or fuscous. The face is often ash-gray, the disk of the pronotum usually with an indistinct, pale, X-shaped mark. Tegmina with the dark markings arranged in more or less distinct bars. Hind femora grayish brown with traces of four dark bars on the outer face. Hind wings pale yellow with the median band nearly or quite reaching the anal angle. Sub-frontal shoot reaching one- third to one-half the distance to the base of the wing. Hind tibiae coral-red, more or less sprinkled with dusky spots at base. The typical collare is distributed throughout the central states but does not occur in Connecticut. Morse points out the difference between scudderi and wyom- ingianum as follows: — "Wyomingianum may be readily dis- tinguished from scudderi by its inferior size, the female of the former about equaling the male of the latter. In wyomingianum the head is less compressed, especially above ; the eyes are much larger proportionally and are more prominent ; and the antennae are longer in proportion. The facial costa is rather more sulcate, especially in the male. The pronotum presents no distinctive characters, though in wyomingianum it is rather less compressed, and the posterior process rather more acute than in scudderi. In wyomingianum the hind femora are less distinctly fasciate externally, and internally show a decided difference; in wyom- ingianum the proximal fuscous band is obsolete ventrally, and the proximal two are not connected ; while in scudderi the proxi- mal band is complete, and the proximal two are broadly con- No. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 99 nected in tibial groove and on inner side, giving the appearance from below of a single, very broad fascia. In wyomingianum the hind tibiae seem to be more often annulate with pale basally, and are less vivid in color. In wyomingianum the pubescence of the hind femora seems to be more highly developed than in scudderi, but individuals vary much. The color of the body as a whole is very similar, but wyomingianum has more of a yel- lowish cast, while in scudderi reddish or rusty predominates. This difference, however, is doubtless due merely to the character of its haunts." wyomingianum Thomas. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 24-29 IO -13 23 -25-5 12. 5-15 Male 18-20 9-5-12 18.5-20.5 II -12 Occurs in dry, open, upland fields. Niantic, Thompson, North Windham, North Haven (A. P. M.) ; Scotland, n August (B. H. W.). scudderi Morse. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 27-29 11 -11. 5 25.5-2S.5 14-16.5 Male 21-23 11. 5-12. 5 23 -24.5 i3-!4 This is a rather more southern form, and is often found locally common on light sandy soils and around sandy areas. Plainfield, 14 August, Scotland, 10 August (B. H. W.). S. bolli Scudder. Boll's Locust. Plate IX, 2. General color, yellowish to rusty brown in the female, the males being slightly darker, usually grayish to fuscous. Tegmina sprinkled with dark spots, which are grouped into three more or less distinct cross-bars, much more prominent in the males. Inner wings pale greenish at base, the median band broad, not reaching the anal angle of the wing. Sub-frontal shoot reaching about one-third the distance to the base. Apical portion of the wing transparent with the tip in the male often dark like the median band. The inner face of the hind femora yellow with three black bands; the outer face yellow, grayish, or rusty red with IOO CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bllll. traces of the dark bands. Hind tibiae dark at the base, the dark area bounded distally by a whitish ring, beyond which is a wide blackish band, fading into the red of the apical half. Apex fuscous. FIG. 30. Spharagemon bolli. Head and pronotum of female, from side. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 27.5-33 II-13 23 -28 12. 5-17 Male 20.5-22 IO-13 20.5-25 I2.5-I3-5 This is our most widely distributed species of the genus, oc- curring in dry fields and bush-covered areas throughout the state from July until late in October. S. saxatile Morse. Rather strikingly marked with brown to blackish fuscous spots or bands on an ash-gray ground. Abdomen more or less yellowish. Face often about equally sprinkled with ash-gray and brown. Antennae fuscous, darker toward tips, the basal two-thirds with pale annulation. Disk of pronotum usually with faint, ashy colored, X-shaped mark. Tegmina brownish at base with three broad fuscous bands and the tip nearly transparent with numerous dark spots. Inner wings sulphur-yellow at base, the fuscous band broad, reaching to the anal angle, with a broad sub-frontal shoot extending about half-way to the base. Apical third of wing transparent, the tip more (male) or less (female) fuscous. Hind femora ash-gray on outer face with more or less distinct bands of fuscous dots ; the inner surface yellow with four blackish bands. Hind tibiae black at base, a pale ring be- yond followed by coral-red. Spurs tipped with black. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 28-34 12-14 2 5 -3 1 r 4 -I 7 Male 20-24 12-14. 5 21.5-25.5 11. 5-14 No. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. IOI One of our prettiest species, its colors rsembling the lichen- covered rocks of the high, wooded ledges, where it is often abundant. It is a shy insect, quick to take wing, and considerable skill is required to capture it. Canaan, South Kent, Greenwich, New Haven, Deep River, Thompson (A. P. M.) ; Mt. Carmel, 6 August, Prospect, 15 August, West Rock, 6 October (W. E. B.) ; Scotland, 10 August, Lyme, 20 August (B. H. W.). Scirtetica Saussure. Size small, head rather prominent. Eyes prominent, the occi- put elevated. Vertex short, ovate, sloping downward in front. Lateral carina rather high, continuous with the frontal costa which is sulcate throughout, slightly constricted near apex. Lateral foveolae short, triangular. Median carina faint. Pro- notum compressed at the disk, flat, nearly truncate in front with the hind margin obtusely angled. Median carina low, cut a little in front of the middle by a narrow notch. The lateral lobes deeper than long. Tegmina extending considerably beyond the abdomen, contrastingly marked with large spots. Hind wings broad. Hind femora reaching nearly to end of abdomen (female) or surpassing it (male). Hind tibiae ringed with white, dusky, and coral-red. Fig. 31. Scirtetica marmorata, female. Head and pronotum, from side. FIG. 32. Scirtetica marmorata, male. Distal part of wing-. S. marmorata Harris. Plate VIII, 10. The color is extremely variable even in the same locality. The majority of our specimens are ash-color, more or less marked 102 CONNECTIGUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. with fuscous to black. Some specimens occur in which the color is largely fuscous to black, sprinkled with white, yellowish, or reddish. A few specimens have been taken with the ground color pale green. The lower part of the face is usually ashy. Pronotum often with a pale X-shaped mark on disk. The teg- mina marbled with grayish and dark blotches. Hind femora grayish, dark at apex and with three fuscous to blackish bands. Wings sulphur-yellow, with a dark, median curved band at base, the apex transparent, tipped with black. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 22-25 9.5-IO.5 20.5-22.5 IO.5-12.5 Male 15-19 10. 5-12. 5 17 -20 9.3-IO.7 This handsome locust will be recognized by the striking marbled markings of the tegmina. It has been taken in but one locality in Connecticut. It occurs in numbers along the sparsely clothed edges of the sand plains at North Haven. Psinidia Stal. Head rather large, with the occiput much elevated. The vertex broad posteriorly, the lateral carina? high, approaching each other rapidly, sloping downward, and continuous with the sides of the frontal costa. The frontal costa sulcate the entire length, very narrow towards the apex, gradually broadened below the ocellus. Antennae long, the joints strongly flattened and three-sided towards the base. Pronotum much constricted at the middle, the front margin truncate, the hind margin slightly acute-angled. Median carina sharp, of even height throughout, cut twice in front of the middle. Lateral carina sharp and distinct on meta- zona. Sides of the pronotum deeper than long. Tegmina narrow, extending beyond the end of the abdomen in both sexes. Many of the cells in the middle third are two to four times as long as wide (Fig. 33). Towards the apex the maculations are con- fined to the marginal area. Inner wings with the disk yellow to orange, median band broad. Hind femora reaching nearly to the tip of the abdomen in the female, surpassing it in the male. No. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. IO3 Fig. 33. Psinidia fenestrates, male. Distal part of wing. P. fenestralis Serville. Long-horned Locust. The general color of this species is influenced largely by the environment and varies from pale buff to reddish brown or even to black. Face and cheeks grayish or yellowish, the top of head and disk of pronotum darker. A narrow yellowish stripe extends back from the eye onto the disk of the pronotum, bordering the lateral carinae. Tegmina yellowish to dark, the lower or outer half mottled with light and dark, the upper half unspotted. Wings with the basal third varying in different specimens from pale whitish yellow to orange or vermilion red, bordered with a broad black band reaching nearly to the base. Apex trans- parent. Hind tibiae dirty gray or with bands of black and whitish. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 19-25 IO -12 17.5-24 H-I3-5 Male 15-17. 5 10. 7-12. 3 15.5-20 9-II.7 Inhabits sandy areas throughout the state. It occurs along the seashore, often in company with Trimerotropis maritima. Trimerotropis Stal. Medium sized, body compressed, head wider than the prozona but less than the width of the metazona. Vertex longer than broad, narrowed gradually towards apex. The lateral carinae continuous with those of the frontal costa. Median carina, if present, faint. Lateral foveolae small, triangular. Frontal costa narrowed above and below the ocellus, and in our species sulcate at least on the lower two-thirds. Antennae filiform. Pronotum with the disk flattened, often with small tubercles on the meta- zona, the front margin about truncate, and the rear margin with the angle acute to obtuse. Median carina low, cut in front of middle with two notches. Lateral carinae rounded, indistinct. 104 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Tegmina extending much beyond the abdomen in both sexes, nearly plain or sprinkled with dots. Inner wings with disk pale yellowish, a rather narrow dark band with the apical third trans- parent. Hind femora of moderate size. T. maritima Harris. Plate IX, 3. Size rather large. Pronotum with the median carina low. The lateral carina extremely variable. Metazona about twice the length of the prozona, the disk flat, often with numerous minute tubercles, the hind margin obtusely angled. The color varies from almost white to reddish brown mottled with fuscous blotches. Tegmina usually considerably mottled basally, rarely with traces of transverse bands. Hind wings with the disk very pale yellow with a narrow fuscous band, the width less than one- sixth the length of the wing. A sub-frontal shoot extending about half-way to the base. Apex of the wing transparent. Inner surface of hind femora pale, with traces of three dark bands; the outer surface not distinctly banded. Hind tibiae yellowish, spines tipped with dark. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 28-35 II. 5-14 29-35 14. 5-16. 8 Male 20-25 II -13 23-27 11. 5-14-5 Common along the sandy seashore of the state. Morse has taken this species at North Haven, and states that this is the only locality that he knows of where it is found away from the sound of the surf. Circotettix Scudder. Body compressed. Eyes rather prominent. Vertex ovate, the lateral carinas rather sharp, continuous with those of the frontal costa. Median carina very faint. Pronotum compressed in front of middle with the disk flat, the posterior margin about right-angled (female) to acute (male). Median carina low on the metazona, higher on the prozona, and cut twice before the middle. Lateral lobes of the pronotum much deeper than long. Lateral carinas present on the metazona. Tegmina longer than the body, of equal width throughout. Hind wings with the No. 16.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. I05 radial area expanded, and with about three of the radial veins thickened. The disk yellow ; a rather narrow, dark median band widening posteriorly, with a triangular sub-frontal shoot reach- ing about two-thirds the distance to the base of the wing. Hind femora small, not surpassing the end of the abdomen in either sex. C. verruculatus Kirby. Plate VIII, 11. Usually the darkest colored of our locusts. Ash-gray thickly mottled with brownish black; darkest on head and pronotum. Antennae slender, annulated with white. Tegmina with the dark mottlings more or less arranged in cross bands, the venules on the lighter portions often white. Hind femora grayish with four dark cross bars, hind tibiae grayish white with the apex dusky and a dusky band on the basal third. FIG. 34. Circotettix verruculatus, male. Wing. Measurements. Body Antennse Tegmina Hind Femora smale 26-30 IO-II.5 24 -28.5 (usually 27-28) 13-14 Male 21-23 9-U-5 20.5-25 (usually 33-24) II-II.5 This handsome locust is found in the northern portion of the state on high elevations along bare ledges, where it delights to sun itself, its color harmonizing with the gray of the rocks and lichens. It is a shy insect and a ready flier. It may be readily recognized by its " song," which is louder than that of any other of our locusts, and is a series of sharp clicks or snaps instead of a continuous rattle. Canaan (A. P. M.) ; Colebrook, 21 July (H. L. V.). 106 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. ACRIDIN^E. The species of this sub-family occurring in Connecticut are readily distinguished by the presence of a distinct spine or tubercle on the prosternum between the legs of the front pair. The head is smaller and less swollen than in the two preceding sub- families, and the face (in our species) is nearly perpendicular. The disk of vertex is never depressed, the lateral carina? are low, rounded, or often absent. Foveolse often wanting or indistinct. The disk of pronotum without tubercles or wrinkles, the hind margin usually broadly rounded but never acute-angled. Median carina low, sub-equal throughout, lateral carinae usually rounded or obsolete. Tegmina are present in our species, and, while usually well developed, are in a few species very short. The inner wings usually transparent, not bright colored. The pre- vailing color of most of the species of this sub-family is dull olivaceous brown, though some are mottled with delicate colors, yellow, green, reddish, or purple. Among the Acridince are the most abundant and injurious insects of the whole order. Nearly all of the species pass the winter in the egg stage and begin to reach maturity in early June, though most species are not common until July. The males of the Acridince rarely stridulate, and then only when at rest, by rubbing the inner surface over the outer surface of the tegmina." Key to Genera. 1. Size small, tegmina not over 25 mm. in length. Lobes of mesosternum transverse or equally long and broad. The inner margin usually rounded 2 Size larger, tegmina 27 mm. or more in length. Lobes of mesosternum longer than broad, the inner margin straight Schistocerca p. 107 2. Color usually dull, largely brownish or olivaceous. Vertex at its narrowest point between the eyes more than twice the width of the second antennal joint. Sub-genital plate of male without a sub-apical tubercle 3 General color when fresh bright pale green, with a conspicuous narrow purple mid-dorsal line generally on the head, extending across the pronotum and the No. 16.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. IO7 dorsal part of the closed tegmina. Vertex at its nar- rowest point between the eyes less than one and one- half times the width of the second antennal joint. Sub-genital plate of male with a more or less distinct sub-apical tubercle Hesperotettix p. no 3. Dorsal surface of pronotum never twice as long as the average breadth, generally only one and one-half times the breadth, the sides more or less constricted at the middle. Antennae of male less than twice the length of the pronotum. Sub-genital plate of male rounded apically Melanoplus p. in Dorsal surface of pronotum twice as long as the average breadth, sides not constricted at middle. Antennae of male at least twice the length of pronotum. Sub- genital plate with the apex truncate Paroxya p. 122 Schistocerca Stal. Size large. Vertex with the front sloping down. Lateral carinae low, faint; median carina absent. Lateral foveolae minute or absent. Face nearly vertical. Pronotum with the disk rounded on the prozona, nearly flat on the metazona, truncate in front, hind margin broadly rounded or in some males obtusely angled. Median carina present, but low. Mesosternal lobes longer than broad. Tegmina extending much beyond the abclomen. Hind wings large, nearly transparent. Hind femora slender, usually reaching to or surpassing end of abdomen. Last abdominal seg- ment of male not swollen. a FIG. 35. a. Schistocerca rubiginosa, male. b. Schistocerca alufacea, male. Head and pronotum 108 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Key to Species. i. Size very large. Tegmina 42 (male) to 55 (female) mm americana Size smaller. Tegmina 27 (male) to 40 (female) mm. 2 2. General color yellowish brown to olive green, with a mid-dorsal stripe on head, pronotum, and closed tegmina. Vertex prominent alutacea General color rusty brown, without mid-dorsal stripe as above. Vertex less prominent rubiginosa S. americana Drury. American Locust. Plate IX, 4. This locust will be readily recognized by its size and con- spicuous markings. The female is often two inches or more in length. Antennae but little if any longer than the head plus pronotum. The color reddish brown, tinted slightly with ver- milion. A broad median yellowish stripe extends along the head, pronotum, and closed tegmina as far as the end of the abdomen. A dark brown line from the eye extending down the cheek. Lateral lobes of pronotum with a wide yellow stripe on upper third and with a short narrow stripe below. Tegmina semi- transparent apically with numerous large brownish black spots. Lower margin yellowish at base. Wings transparent. Hind femora buff to brownish with one or two dark streaks along the upper third. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 48-55 *3-l5 5Q-55 28-30 Male 39-42 12 42-44 23-24 A female of Americana was taken at Hamden, 23 August 1909 (B. H. W.), in a dry field covered with blackberry vines and weeds. This is probably the first Connecticut record for this species. It is found occasionally in the vicinity of New York City, and it should be looked for in the southwest portion of the state from early May until the first of July, and from September to November. S. alutacea Harris. Leather-colored Locust. Plate IX, 5. Size rather large, the female much larger and more robust than the male. Vertex rather prominent, narrow; disk but little No. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. IOO, depressed (Fig. 35b). Antennae about one and one-half times head plus pronotum. Median carina low but distinct. Tegmina surpassing the end of the abdomen about one-fourth their length. Hind femora slender, reaching the end of the abdomen (female) or slightly surpassing it (male). Color yellowish brown to a dirty olive green. A bright yellow mid-dorsal stripe on head, pro- notum, and closed tegmina. Tegmina sometimes unspotted but usually with dusky blotches. Inner wings yellowish with darker veins. Hind femora yellowish, hind tibiae olive green, spines yellowish tipped with black. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 42-50 14.5-17.5 36-42 22.5-27 Male 28-32 15-17 24-30 I7.5-I9-5 Occurs on coarse grass and weeds in moist meadows and swamps. Deep River, North Haven, Stamford (A. P. M.) ; Scotland, 11 August, New Haven, 25 August to October (B. H. W.). S. rubiginosa Harris-Scudder. Rusty Locust. Plate IX, 6. Size about the same as alutacea. Head and pronotum wider than in alutacea, vertex wider and less prominent (Fig. 35a). Antennae of male about one and one-third times head plus pro- notum (somewhat longer than in alutacea). Color uniform rusty brown to dirty gray. No median yellow stripe on head and pronotum. Tegmina usually with numerous dusky blotches. Wings transparent, glassy, yellowish, slightly rounded towards tips. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 39-54 14-16 32-41 20.5-24 Male 28-33 I3-I4.5 25-30 16 -19 This species is rather more widely distributed than alutacea. It prefers drier locations, and is found in bush-covered areas on light soil, dry pastures, along railroad embankments, etc. This species is considered synonymous with alutacea by Rehn,* but most specialists prefer to consider them distinct. Thompson, * Entomological News, XIII, p. 89, 1902. 110 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Deep River, New Haven, North Haven, Stamford, Greenwich (A. P. M.) ; Westville, 7 August, 19 October, Granby, 7 October (W. E. B.) : West Rock, 29 October (E. J. S. M.) ; Yalesville, 19 October (H. L. V.) : Canterbury, Plainfield, 14 August (B. H. W.). Hesperotettix Scudder. Size small, sides subparallel, but little compressed. Head small, vertex between the eyes very narrow with a slight central groove or depression. Face but little oblique, frontal costa narrow and sulcate throughout. Antennae slightly (female) to considerably (male) longer than the head and the pronotum together. Pronotum long and rather narrow, the prozona about one and one-half times the length of the metazona. The sides of the disk sloping or rounded forming an angle with the lateral lobes. Median carina low, cut by single sulcus. Hind margin broadly rounded or very obtusely angled. Tegmina (in our species) much shorter than the abdomen. Fore and middle femora of male swollen, the hind femora extending much beyond the tip of the abdomen. Sub-genital plate of male with a mor.e or less distinct tubercle near the apex. H. brevipennis Thomas. This is one of the most delicately colored of our locusts. General color a pale green. The pronotum with a conspicuous mid-dorsal purplish stripe which is often present on the head. The dorsal surface of the closed tegmina usually largely purple. Antennas pinkish. Pronotum with a black bar on the upper third of the lateral lobes. Fore and middle femora and the upper face of the hind femora reddish. Outer face of the hind femora with more or less dark. Hind tibiae pale green to bluish green; spines tipped with black. Tegmina not reaching tip of abdomen in either sex. Measurements. Body Antennas Tegmina Hind Femora Female 20-24 6.3 -7-2 9.7-II.7 II. 8-12. 7 Male 1 5-17 7-25-S-5 7.6-IO 9.5-IO.5 This species has not yet been recorded from Connecticut, but has been taken in Massachusetts at Wellesley and Walpole, in New Jersey, and in Georgia. The season in which the adult NO. l6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. Ill appears is quite short ; the Massachusetts specimens were taken between July ioth and August 30th. It occurs on thin gravelly soil sparsely covered with bunch-grass and running blackberry vines. Melanoplus Stal. Body moderately stout, usually feebly compressed. Head not prominent. Face nearly vertical. Vertex between the eyes but little wider than the frontal costa, sloping downward in front, more or less sulcate, especially in the male. Frontal costa moderately prominent, usually sulcate below. Antennae slender, less than twice the length of the pronotum. Pronotum with the disk generally about one and one-half times as long as broad, the front margin truncate and the posterior obtuse. The pro- zona slightly convex, the edges parallel, longer than the meta- zona, which is flat and more or less widened posteriorly. Lateral lobes nearly vertical, the upper half with a more or less distinct transverse dark band. Tegmina always present, in some species but little longer than the pronotum, oval or lanceolate, in others, reaching nearly to or surpassing the tips of the hind femora. Wings consisting of mere scales, or well developed, transparent, colorless. Hind femora moderately long and slender, reaching to the end of the obdomen in the female, surpassing it in the male. Cerci and furcula of male of variable form, furnishing characters much used in the identification of the species. The members of this genus cause much injury to agricultural crops. Fall plow- ing will destroy many of the egg-masses, one of which is shown in Fig. 36. FlG. 36. Egg-mass of Melanoplus sp. 112 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Key to Species. Males. 1. Tegmina at most but little longer than the pronotum (Fig. 38) 2. Tegmina much longer than the pronotum 3 2. Cerci slender, clasp-like, about four times as long as the breadth at middle (Fig. 38). Furcula well developed but short. Median carina of pronotum indistinct on the prozona mancus Cerci broad, sub-triangular, less than three times as long as the breadth at middle (Fig. 38). Furcula usually very short. Median carina of pronotum dis- tinct throughout scudderi 3. Cerci not broadened apically, of about uniform width or tapering towards the apex 4 Cerci irregular in shape, broadened apically or forked 6 4. Apex of sub-genital plate not notched. Cerci long, three or more times the breadth at middle 5 Apex of sub-genital plate with a median notch. Cerci short, not longer than twice the breadth at middle, and nearly equal throughout (Fig. 40a) atlanis 5. Furcula much longer than the last abdominal segment to which it is attached. Cerci tapering, the apical half less than one-half as broad as the extreme base ( Fig. 42a) femur-rubrum • Furcula short, no longer than the last abdominal seg- ment to which it is attached. Cerci nearly straight, and of nearly uniform width throughout (Fig. 44a) fasciatus 6. Cerci either distinctly forked or with a sub-median angulation 7 Cerci with the apical half much enlarged, but not distinctly forked 8 7. Lower fork of cerci merely an angle or median process (Fig. 45a). Furcula consisting of slender spines, .minor Cerci distinctly forked, the lower branch narrower (Fig. 46a). Furcula consisting of short triangular lobes luridus NO. 16.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. II3 8. Cerci roughly sock-shaped (Fig. 47). Hind femora robust, not transversely dusky-banded. A large robust species with unspotted tegmina bivittatus Cerci terminating in a transverse, oval, tumid lobe (Fig. 48a). Hind femora slender, transversely banded. A medium-sized species with the tegmina more or less distinctly spotted punctulatus Females* 1. Tegmina at most but little longer than pronotum ( Fl g. 38) 2 Tegmina much longer than the pronotum* ... , 2. Interspace between mesosternal lobes usually distinctly transverse. Mid-carina usually obsolete or faint on prozona. Lateral lobes of pronotum considerably longer than deep - the lower half very pale, contrast- ing strongly with the dorsal half. Tegmina shorter than pronotum, sub-oval (Fig. 38) mancus Interspace quadrate. Median carina of pronotum con- spicuous, equally developed throughout. Lateral lobes about as deep as long, their surface dark brown Tegmina sub-lanceolate, tapering towards apex, about twice as long as wide (Fig. 38) scudderi 3- Large, robust; hind femora 16 mm. or over (usually 18-19). Dorsal area of closed tegmina separated from lateral area by a pale streak which sometimes suffuses entire dorsal area bivittatus Smaller species; hind femora not over 14 mm...... 4 4- Lower valves of ovipositor about straight, the lateral tooth nearly or quite obsolete (Fig. 48b). Interspace between mesosternal lobes transverse. Tegmina dusky-spotted. Hind femora conspicuously banded on outside and cherry-red within at base punctulatus Lower valves of ovipositor with the apex more or less distinctly decurved and with a distinct lateral tooth midway of the lower outer margin e 5. Interspace between mesosternal lobes longitudinal ' or q uadrate ( Fi g- 43). Tegmina usually passing the * Copied from Morse. 8 114 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. hind femora, the body relatively slender. The pro- notum when seen from sides often depressed at principal sulcus, with small, uninflated prozona 6 Interspace between mesosternal lobes sub-quadrate or distinctly transverse (Fig. 44b). Species with rela- tively stout bodies, swollen prozona, and tegmina not passing hind femora 7 6. Prosternal spine nearly cylindrical, the tip bluntly rounded, often bulbous (Fig. 41a). Cerci once and a half times or twice as long as wide, sharply pointed, somewhat acuminate, the sides slightly concave. Ovi- positor seen from the side with the basal part of the scoop longer, the angle between the scoop and stem more obtuse (Fig. 42b). Hind tibiae red. Hind femora largely or wholly lacking transverse dusky bands except on dorsal part of inner face. Mid- carina of pronotum frequently distinct on prozona femur-rubrum Prosternal spine tapering, the tip pointed (Fig. 41b). Cerci shorter, only about one and one-third times as long as wide, rather dull at tip, the sides straight or often convex. Upper valves of ovipositor with scoop shorter, the angle at junction with stem more pro- nounced (Fig. 40b). Hind tibiae either glaucous or red. Hind femora usually with conspicuous, dusky, oblique bands. Median carina of pronotum seldom distinct on prozona atlanis 7. Tegmina about reaching end of hind femora. Inter- space but little transverse 8 Tegmina reaching but one-half to two-thirds the length of the hind femora. Interspace rather strongly trans- verse (Fig. 44b). Very little angulation at junction ♦ of scoop and stem of ovipositor f asciatus 8. Scoop of ovipositor very short, deeply concave, with a single denticulation or none at base of outer edge; lower valves with the tips correspondingly short and decurved (Fig. 45b). Hind tibiae usually glaucous but often red. Tegmina flecked with dusky and pale spots, hind femora obliquely banded. Lateral carina of pronotum usually bordered below on the prozona No. 16.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. US by a broad fuscous stripe which is crossed obliquely by a distinct, narrow, pale line. Prozona less inflated than in luridus and body less robust minor Scoop rather long, the outer edge of basal half rather deeply notched, crenulate-denticulate, the tips of both pairs of valves long and evenly tapering (Fig. 46b). Hind tibiae coral-red. Fuscous stripes on prozona indistinct, often lacking. Tegmina maculate and hind femora obliquely banded. A robust species, with noticeably tumid prozona and thick-necked as- pect luridus M. mancus Smith. Size rather small. Eyes somewhat prominent, especially in the male. Tegmina shorter than the pronotum, sub-ovate, broadly rounded at the apex. Color dark fuscous above, lighter below. Lateral lobes of the pronotum crossed on the upper half with a distinct, broad, dark band. Pronotum with the lateral lobes contrastingly marked, pale below with a distinct broad dark band above, which is widened posteriorly. It is often lighter but never absent on the metazona. Hind femora without distinct cross bands. Hind tibiae red, often pale towards base, the spines black, 10 or 11 in the outer row. a # Fig. 37. a. Melanoplus mancus, female, b. Melanoplus scudderi, female. Lateral view of pronotum. t^ Fig. 38. a. Melanoplus mancus, female, b. Melanoplus scudderi, female. Tegmina. c. Melanoplus mancus, male. d. Melanoplus scudderi, male. Cerci. Il6 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 18-25 6.5-7 3"5 10-12 Male 14-17. 5 6.5-7 2_ 4 8.3-9 This species is ordinarily rather common locally on some of the mountains of the northern New England states at altitudes of 2,000-3,500 feet. It has, however, been taken in Connecticut at North Madison and at Woodbridge, the latter part of August, by Professor W. S. Blatchley. At the former place he mentions it as being numerous on high ledges along the Hamanasset River. M. scudded Uhler. Scudder's Short-winged Locust. Plate IX, 7. Size rather small. Tegmina about as long as pronotum, ovate-lanceolate in shape. Their inner edges just about touch- ing in the male, slightly overlapping in the female. Wings less than half the length of the tegmina. Color dull reddish or wood-brown. The males and sometimes the females with an indistinct dusky bar reaching from the eye back along the upper half of pronotum to the metazona. Hind femora with two faint •dark bars on their upper surface, the apex blackish. Hind tibiae red, sometimes dull at base. Spines black. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 17-24 6 -7 5-8 II-13 Male I5-I8 6.5-7 4-5-5 IO-II This species is rather common the latter part of the season in open places in bushy pastures, on hillsides, or in open places along the edge of woodland. Morse found it " quite plentiful along the rocks and bushes on the talus slopes at the foot of West Rock, New Haven." The only species that scudderi will be mistaken for is mancus, which is apparently much more local and ordinarily frequents higher elevations. It will probably be often taken for a nymph of some other species of the genus. The nymphs, however, differ from the adults in having the wings and tegmina reversed, the wings appearing on the outside. No. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 117 M. atlanis Riley. Lesser Migratory Locust. Plate X, 1. Size medium. Vertex somewhat elevated above the pronotum. Median carina distinct only on the metazona. Tegmina surpass- ing the end of the hind femora. Color dark grayish or reddish brown. The dark band behind the eye is present on the pro- zona only, and is often more or less broken into spots, especially in the female. Tegmina distinctly spotted with fuscous along the discoidal area. Hind femora yellowish brown with two oblique dark bands on the upper and outer faces (more distinct than in femur-rubrum). Sides and under surface of abdomen yel- lowish (in femur-rubrum it is usually reddish brown). a i proStum 39 ' °' Melan °t lus ******** *>* Melanosis luridus. Lateral view of female Fig. 40. Melanoplus atlanis. a. Cercus of male. b. Ovipositor of female. of female 1 ' *' Melano ^ lus f'»™r-rubrum. b. Melanoplus atlanis. Prosternal spine Female Male Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina 16-27 6.5-8 14.5-22 17-21. 5 7 -8.5 15 -21 Hind Femora IO-14 IO-13 This species is found over the whole of New England from Nantucket to Canada, from the seashore to the alpine tops Il8 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. of the White Mountains." From various parts of the state, 18 July to 30 October. M. femur-rubrum DeGeer. Red-legged Locust. Plate IX, 8. FIG. 41. Melanoplus femur-rubrum. a. Cercus of male. b. Ovipositor of female. \^ Pig. 43. Melanoplus femur-rubrum, female. Meso- and metasterna ; interspace longitudinal. Medium-sized. Pronotum with the median carina distinct on both the metazona and the prozona. Tegmina usually surpass- ing, at least slightly, the tips of hind femora ; distinctly but very gradually tapering. Color reddish brown to dark olive brown. Occiput usually with a pair of widening fuscous stripes on its sides. Pronotum with the disk generally darker than the lower half of lateral lobes. The usual dark band on the upper part of the lateral lobes of the prozona, often inconspicuous in the female. The top of the occiput and disk of the pronotum often rose-red, and the lower part of the face and lower parts of lateral lobes yellowish green. Tegmina brownish fuscous, some- times immaculate, but usually with fuscous dots along the basal half of the discoidal area. Hind femora reddish brown clouded with fuscous which often forms two oblique cross-bars on the upper face. Lower inner face dull yellowish or orange. Hind tibiae almost always deep red, very rarely yellowish green. Spines black. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 18-28 6.5-9 15.5-23 IX - J 5 Male 16-23 6.5-10 13 -20 10.7-13.3 NO. l6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 1 19 This is our most common as well as our most injurious species of locusts, and is found all over the state from the last of July until after frost. It is especially abundant in moist meadows and places where the grass is thick and succulent. FIG. 44. Melanoplns fasciatus. a. Cercus of male. b. Meso- and metasterna of fe- male ; interspace transverse. M. fasciatus Barnston- Walker. Size medium, a rather thick-set species. Head with the vertex somewhat raised. Tegmina covering about one-half (female) or three-fourths (male) of the abdomen. Color variable, dark reddish brown to dark olivaceous gray. Yellowish below. A dark band from the back of the eye extending along the upper part of the lateral lobes of the pronotum to the metazona. Tegmina often with fuscous spots along the discoidal area. Hind femora brownish yellow, blackish at apex and base, and with two broad, oblique, blackish bars on the outer face. Pale or dull red on the inner faces. Hind tibiae usually red, pale towards base, occasionally a smoky greenish color. Spines black. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 16.5-25.5 6.5-8.5 9 -12 10. 7-12. 7 Male 16 -19 7.5-9 7-9-iQ 9.3-10.7 This species occurs in dry, uncultivated fields and pastures, especially among bush-covered areas. Thompson (A. P. M.) ; New Haven, 13 June — 23 August; Lyme, 21 August. M. minor Scudder. Fig. 45. Melanoplus minor, a. Cercus of male. b. Ovipositor of female. 120 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Size medium. Eyes quite prominent and rather widely sepa- rated. Pronotum short. Tegmina reaching about to the tips of the hind femora, a little shorter in the female, sometimes slightly surpassing them in the male. Color dark brownish fuscous above, often tinged with reddish brown, yellowish below. The bar behind the eye shining black, and extending across the upper third of the lateral lobes of the prozona. Tegmina brownish fuscous, the discoidal area more or less distinctly marked with dark spots. Hind femora brownish yellow with indistinct, oblique, fuscous bars on the upper and outer faces. The lower face generally dull orange. Hind tibiae variable, pale red, sometimes yellowish or lead-color. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 19-24 7 -8 13.5-18 12-13. 5 Male 15-18-5 6.7-7.5 11 -15 io-ii This is the earliest species of Melanoplus to appear, reaching maturity early in June. Morse states that he has found it most numerous among sweet vernal and blue grasses (Anthoxanthutn odoratum, and Poa pratensis) in pastures and mowing-lands on gravelly or sandy upland soils. M. luridus Dodge. M. collinus Scudder. i Fig. 46. Melanoplus luridus. a. Cercus of male. b. Ovipositor of female. A medium-sized, robust species. Vertex distinctly elevated, somewhat swollen. Pronotum widened posteriorly with the disk nearly flat. Median carina distinct on the metazona only. Teg- mina about reaching or slightly surpassing tips of hind femora. Color dark grayish brown to fuscous. Face dull bluish gray. Top of head and disk of pronotum fuscous. The black bar on upper half of lateral lobes of pronotum often faint, especially in the female. Tegmina usually sprinkled with fuscous. Hind NO. l6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 121 femora brownish yellow with oblique bars of fuscous on the upper face ; dull orange or yellow below ; knees black. Hind tibiae coral-red. Spines black. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 19.5-27.5 7-5-9-5 14 -19 "-5-I5 Male 16.5-20 7 -9 10.7-16.5 10 -12.5 Found on dry soils, especially near the edges of woodland. From various parts of the state from the 20th July throughout the season. M. bivittatus Say. Yellow-striped Locust. Plate X, 2. Fig. 47. Melanoplus bivittatus. Cercus of male. . Our largest species of Melanoplus. Median carina of pro- notum low but distinct throughout. Tegmina reaching or sur- passing the end of hind femora, often shorter in the female, tapering gradually. Hind femora rather long and somewhat stout. Color variable, olive brown to light greenish yellow above, yellowish beneath. A narrow yellowish stripe extends back from the upper angle of each eye along the lateral carinas of pronotum nearly to the tips of the tegmina. Tegmina with scattering dots of fuscous along the anal angle, often unspotted. Hind femora dull yellow with more or less dark on the upper half of the outer face. The lower face yellow, the apex dusky. Hind tibiae bright red to purplish. Spines black. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 29-40 9.6-14 19.5-26 15-5-22 Male 23-29 14-16 16 -22 12. 5-16.5 This is a common species occurring everywhere in New Eng- land. It is found from the latter part of June until the end of the season. 122 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. M. punctulatus Uhler. Grizzly Locust. FIG. 48. Melanoplus punctulatus. a. Cercus of male. b. Ovipositor of female. Size medium. Head prominent, vertex swollen and distinctly elevated above the pronotum. Median carina usually distinct throughout, but more prominent on the metazona. Tegmina slightly surpassing the hind femora in both sexes, tapering gradually, the apex rounded. Color dark gray mottled with blackish, clay-yellow beneath. Head and face often with a greenish cast. The black on upper part of the lateral lobes of pronotum broken and more or less indistinct. Tegmina thickly sprinkled and mottled. Hind femora yellowish banded with blackish. The lower face and basal third of inner face coral- red. Hind tibiae red or gray, or a mixture of both. Spines black. A handsome species. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 23-29 IO. 5-12 14.5-21.6 II. 3-12. 7 Male 19-20.5 II -13 14 -16.8 IO -II This species usually occurs in the vicinity of pine trees, and is often found clinging to the trunks and branches. Canaan (A. P. M.) ; West Woodstock (W. B) ; New Canaan, 9 October (W. E. B.) ; Windsor, 13 September (B.H.W.). Paroxya Scudder. Size medium. Body straight and nearly cylindrical. Head moderately large. Eyes large and prominent. Vertex narrow but wider than in Hesperotettix. Frontal costa prominent above the ocellus, punctate and but slightly sulcate. Antennae long, usually more than one and one-half times the length of the head and pronotum together. Disk of pronotum about twice as long as the average width, the edges sub-parallel, at least in the male, NO. l6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. I23 and with the surface nearly flat. The prozona longer than the metazona, the latter with the hind border obtusely angled. Median carina low, but distinct and equal throughout. Lateral lobes vertical, longer than deep. Tegmina and wings variable, covering about three-fourths of the abdomen in our species. Hind femora moderately stout, tapering gradually and surpass- ing tip of the abdomen. Sub-genial plate of male short. Cerci long and incurved apically. P. floridana Thomas. Plate X, 3. General color olivaceous. Top of head, pronotum, and tegmina varying from light to dark brown. Face yellowish. Antennae brownish, annulated with light. A dark brown bar from the posterior border of the eye extending back along the upper edge of the lateral lobes of the pronotum and often ending abruptly at the metazona; below this band often yellowish. Fore and middle legs and hind tibiae often bluish green. Outer face of hind femora without transverse bands, brown-green or yellowish on lower face. Measurements. Body Antennae Tegmina Hind Femora Female 26-36 8.5-II 14.5-20 15. 3-18. 7 Male 20-25 13 -15 13 -16 12 -I3.5 Rather common in the tall grasses and sedges along the edges of swamps and low lands. An active insect, but one which usually tries to escape attention by slipping around to the op- posite side of the stem to which it clings. Morse has taken it as early as the 226. of July ; our latest record is the 14th of Octo- ber. Deep River, North Haven, Niantic, Stamford (A. P. M.) ; Branford, 3 September (H. L. V.) ; New Canaan, 21 September, New Haven, 25 August, Westville, 7 September, Wallingford, 14 October (B. H. W.). LOCUSTIDJE. The family Locustidce includes the insects commonly known as katydids, green or long-horned grasshoppers, and camel- crickets. They are readily distinguished from the Acridida by the slender, many- jointed antennae which are much longer than the body, the tarsi or feet which are four- jointed in the Con- 124 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. necticut Locustidce, and the ovipositor which is sword-shaped. The ocelli are usually wanting. The mouth-parts are well developed, with long, pointed mandibles. The stridulating or musical organ of the male is situated at the base of the tegmina. Each tegmen is furnished with a small transparent area, the upper one being crossed by a vein with minute, file-like teeth on the under side. The sound is made by rubbing these teeth on the upper side of the lower wing cover. Each species of Locustidce has a distinct note by which it is possible to distinguish it, and many have two calls, one of which they use during the day and the other at night. The ear of the katydid, when present, is situated on the front leg near the basal end of the tibia, and consists of an oval cavity covered with a transparent membrane. In the length of the antennae, the structure of the organs of sound, and the auditory organs, the Locustidce resemble the fol- lowing family, Gryllidce; but the former differ in having the sword-shaped ovipositor, and in the wing covers which slope obliquely downward at the sides, while in the Gryllidce the wing covers are more flat dorsally, and are bent down over the sides of the abdomen at nearly right angles. There are six sub-families of Locustidce occurring in the United States, five of which are represented in Connecticut. Key to Sub-families. 1. Tegmina and wings present 2 Tegmina and wings absent, or the former rudimentary 4 2. Prosternal spines present; vertex terminating in a sharp, flat spine, or produced upward and forward in a rounded tubercle or prominent cone ; hind tibiae without apical spines or with one on outer side only 3 Prosternal spines absent ; vertex rounded or deflexed, without spine, tubercle, or cone; tegmina always shorter than wings ; hind tibiae with an apical spine on each side phaneropterin^e p. 125 3. Wing covers leaf-like, broadly expanded in the middle, concave within, longer than the wings ; vertex termi- nating in a sharp, flat spine ; pronotum crossed by two distinct transverse sulci pseudophyllin^: p. 131 Wing covers narrow, expanding but little if any in the NO. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 1 25 middle, often shorter than the wings ; vertex termi- nating in a rounded tubercle or prominent cone ; pro- notum without or with only one transverse sulcus. . conocephalin,e p. 132 4. Pronotum extending back to the abdomen ; prosternal spines present; fore tibiae with a hearing organ near the base; tegmina rudimentary decticin^: p. 140 Pronotum short, not covering the whole top of thorax; prosternal spines absent ; fore tibiae without a hearing organ near the base. Wholly wingless. Eyes sub- rounded, situated partly above the basal joints of the antennae ; ovipositor nearly straight stenopelmatin^e p. 142 phaneropterin^e. This sub-family and the Psendophyllince include the insects known as katydids, and here belong our largest species of Lo- custidce. Head with apex obtuse or rounded, without cone or spine. Prosternum unarmed. The wing covers are of a bright green color and usually expanded in the middle. The wings are large and strong, and extend beyond the wing covers. The katydids are the most arboreal of all the Locustidce, are solitary in habit, and, while they may be quite numerous and do much injury to the leaves and twigs of shrubs and trees, are seldom noticed. Key to Genera. Tegmina of nearly equal breadth throughout, fastigium of vertex no broader than the first antennal joint Scudderia p. 125 Tegmina widened at the middle ; fastigium of vertex much broader than the first antennal joint. . Amblycorypha p. 129 Scudderia Stal. The katydids of this genus are medium-sized. Head oval, with fastigium of vertex very narrow. Thorax longer than broad. Wing covers long and narrow, of nearly the same width throughout, and rounded at apex. The fore and middle femora unarmed beneath ; hind femora long and slender. The short, broad ovipositor is curved sharply upward with the apical third 126 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. finely crenulate on both margins. The males usually have the anal plates formed into long, curved processes which readily distinguish them from the other genera of this group. The process from the supra-anal plate curves downward and that from the sub-anal curves upward, and both of them are notched at the ends. The species of Scudderia in general inhabit bushes, tall grass, and weeds, in meadows and along roadsides, especially in damp places. Key to Species. 1. Supra-anal plate of male with a long decurved process 2 Supra-anal plate of male triangular, without a long de- curved process (Fig. 53) septentrionalis 2. Length of posterior femora 28 mm. or more 3 Length of posterior femora less than 25 mm 4 3. Notch of supra-anal plate broad, with minute median tooth, the lateral processes slender, the notch as wide as the upturned sub-anal spine, the latter fitting into the notch when in natural position (Fig. 49) . . . .texensis Notch of supra-anal plate triangular, without a median tooth. Lateral processes broadly rounded. Sub-anal spine touching but not fitting into the notch (Fig. 50) curvicauda 4. Notch of supra-anal plate triangular, as in curvi- cauda. Width of tegmina much greater than depth of body (Fig. 51) pistillata Notch of supra-anal plate deep, rounded, forming a fork-shaped appendage with swollen lateral processes. Width of tegmina not greater than depth of body (Fig. 52) furcata S. texensis Saussure-Pictet. Texas Katydid. FIG. 49. Scudderia texensis. Tip of male abdomen, a. Lateral view. b. Dorsal view of anal segment. NO. l6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 127 General color bright green; body and face somewhat lighter. Pronotum much longer than broad, narrower in front than be- hind, with a yellowish line along the lateral carinae. Posterior femora very slender, with three or four minute teeth on under side of inner carinae. Male having notch of supra-anal plate broad, with a minute median tooth. Measurements. Body Pronotum Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor Length Width Female 24 6.5 34-37 8 7 Male 20-24 6. 33.36 7 26-30 This species does not seem to be as common as S. curvicauda or furcata in Connecticut. It is said to be less arboreal than the other species. May be found clinging to tall grasses, weeds, and bushes, especially in damp places. East Hartford, i August, Westville, 9 August, New Haven, 21 August to 28 September, Plainfield, 14 September (B. H. W.). S. curvicauda DeGeer. Curved-tail Katydid. Plate X, 4. Fig. 50. Scudderia curvicauda. Tip of male abdomen, a. Lateral view. b. Dor- al view of anal segment. About the same size and general color as texensis, though the yellow line on the lateral carinae is usually absent. It is difficult to distinguish the female from that of texensis, but the female of curvicauda is usually more robust, with slightly wider wing covers and the ovipositor not as deeply notched. The male is readily distinguished by the notch of the supra-anal plate. Measurements. Body Pronotum Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor Length Width Female 22-24 6 34-38 8 27 7 Male 22 6 35-38 7 28-30 128 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. This is one of our most common species. New Haven, August and September, Stafford, 24 August (W. E. B.) ; Scot- land, Canterbury, Plainfield, 10-14 August (B. H. W.). This species, together with S\ texensis, causes considerable damage on the cranberry bogs in New Jersey. They destroy the berries by eating into them to get the seeds. S. pistillata Bruner. Fig. 51. Scudderia fiistillata. Tip of male abdomen, a. Lateral view. b. Dorsal view of anal segment. Species with shorter body and legs and broader wings than curvicauda. The notch of the supra-anal plate of the male resembles that of curvicauda, but the lateral processes are more triangular in shape. Measurements. Body Pronotum Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor Length Width Female 22 5-5 27.5 g 20 7 Male 18 5-5 33 9-5 22 Salisbury, 30 August, Stafford, 24 August (W. E. B.). S. furcata Bruner. Fork-tailed Katydid. Fig. 52. Scudderia furcata. Tip of male abdomen, a: Lateral view. b. Dorsal view of anal segment. Our smallest species. Wings narrow and of a dark green color. Lateral carinas of pronotum more nearly parallel than in the preceding species. The notch of the supra-anal plate of the male is deep and rounded, the lateral processes much swollen. NO. l6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 120, Measurements. Body Pronotum Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor Length Width Female 18-20 5 26-30 6 20-22 5 Male 16-18 5 28-30 6.5 21 This is our most common species, occurring throughout the state. S. septentrionalis Serville. a Fig. 53. Scudderia septentrionalis. Tip of male abdomen, a. Lateral view. b. Dorsal view of anal segment. This species is about the size of fur cat a. Body short, eyes prominent. Pronotum narrower at anterior margin than at posterior. Wing covers rather wide, but not as wide as in S. pistillata. Female with the lateral lobes of pronotum broader than deep. Ovipositor long and curved but not sharply bent. Measurements. Body Pronotum Tegmina Hind Femora Length Width Male 18 5 28 8 19 This species is quite rare. One specimen (a male) was taken in a tobacco-field, Southington, 4 August (B. H. W.). Amblycorypha Stal. Head with the vertex flat and without spines; fastigium bent downward, much broader than the first antennal joint; eyes oblong oval. Antennae long and slender excepting the two basal joints, the first being larger and thicker than the second. Pro- notum much longer than broad. Wing covers broad, rounded at apex. Stridulating organ of male brown in color and crossed transversely by a prominent green vein. Male with supra-anal plate short, broad at base, narrowed at apex, and cut by a deep, triangular notch forming two slender, triangular appendages which terminate in short, spine-like processes. Female with 130 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. broad, curved ovipositor, rounded at tip, with the apical half deeply serrated on both edges. Key to Species. 1. Tegmina 34-39 mm. in length, those of the male sur- passing the tips of the hind femora oblongifolia Tegmina less than 30 mm. in length, those of the male often reaching but not surpassing the tips of the hind femora rotundif olia A. oblongifolia DeGeer. Oblong-leaf-winged Katydid. Plate X, 5. A large species with bright pea-green wings, abdomen yel- lowish to brownish green. Stridulating organ brownish, usually with a green patch bordered posteriorly by the prominent green cross vein. Pronotum with anterior portion narrower than posterior, and the lateral carinae prominent. Lower inner carinae of posterior femora with six to twelve strong teeth. Measurements. n-5 Occurs throughout the state from August until October. Common on low trees and shrubbery, especially in damp places. Its note, which is often heard in late afternoon and during cloudy weather, has been likened to the sound made by drawing a fine- tooth comb over a taut string. A. rotundifolia Scudder. Round-winged Katydid. A smaller species, general color pale green, body somewhat lighter. Pronotum, especially in the female, with the anterior portion but little narrower than the posterior portion. Ovipositor more curved and more deeply serrated than in oblongifolia. Teg- mina proportionately broader than in oblongifolia. Posterior femora with four or five teeth on the lower inner carina. Measurements. Body Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor Length Width Female 20 26-28 10 25 10 Male 19 26 9.5 24 Body Tegmina Length Width Hind F. Female 23 38 II 30 Male 22 36 II. 5 31 NO. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. I3I Less common than the preceding species. New Haven, 25 July to 26 September, Mt. Carmel, 25 September (W. E. B.) ; Scotland, 27 July, New Haven, 7 August, Lyme, 21 August (B. H. W.). PSEUDOPHYLLIN^E. This sub-family is represented in Connecticut by only one genus containing one species. Cyrtophyllus Burmeister. Head large and stout, with rather small roundish eyes ; vertex compressed by the basal joints of the antennae, and extending for- ward between the eyes, forming a small triangular spine, which is grooved above. Prosternum armed with two short spines. Pronotum nearly as wide dorsally as long, and cut by two trans- verse sulci; surface rugose, with the posterior portion raised above the rest of the pronotum. The tegmina extend beyond the wings and are nearly half as wide as long, obtusely rounded apically and concaved within. Sub-anal plate of male terminat- ing in a long paddle-shaped appendage grooved on the upper side. Ovipositor of female broad, the apical half with minute teeth on the lower edge and curved upward. Apex with a rather sharp point. Stridulating organ prominent, of a brown color, with the central portion sunken and transparent. C. perspicillatus Linnaeus. True Katydid. Broad-winged Katydid. Plate VI, 4. The true katydid is readily recognized by the broad wing covers, which when closed curve around the body, so that the edges touch above and beneath. The wing covers are dark green in color and thickly netted with prominent veins so that they much resemble leaves. The calling organ is large and well devel- oped, which together with the peculiar shape of the wing covers enables the katydid to produce the loudest note of all our locustids. Measurements. Body Tegmina Hind Femora Length Width Ovipositor Female 28 34 '6 20 14 Male 31 38 18 21 This insect is common throughout the state, but is rarely seen, as it frequents the dense foliage of shade-trees and tall I32 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. shrubbery. Occasionally it occurs locally in numbers. The writer was attracted to a colony of katydids one cloudy after- noon in a clump of trees near a small pond. Their call notes, which were almost continuous, were heard for quite a distance, and became very loud and discordant upon approach. West Woodstock, September (W. B.) ; New Haven, 9 August (P. L. Buttrick) ; New Canaan, 9 September, 5 October (B. H. W.) ; Mt. Carmel, 25 September, New Haven, 20 October (W. E. B.). CONOCEPHALIN^. Vertex of head projecting upward and forward in the form of a blunt, or sometimes a much prolonged, tubercle or cone. Prosternum toothed or with two slender spines. Apical spines absent on fore tibiae. Front coxae with a spine on the outside. Wing covers usually narrow, often shorter than the abdomen, and either green or brown in color. Calling organ of male well developed and with a prominent cross vein. Key to Genera. 1. Fore and middle femora with spines beneath; vertex extending forward in the form of a long cone ; calling organ of male opaque Conocephalus p. 132 Fore and middle femora without spines beneath ; vertex ending in a round tubercle which is hollowed out at the sides ; calling organ of male somewhat trans- parent 2 2. Insects of small size ; prosternal spine very short ; ovi- positor slender and nearly straight Xiphidium p. 136 Insects of medium size; prosternal spines longer and more slender; ovipositor stout and usually upturned Orchelimum p. 138 Conocephalus Thunberg. Head with the vertex extended forward and upward between the eyes and terminating in a long cone which is armed beneath with a basal tooth. Face very oblique. Eyes rather prominent and nearly round. Prosternum with long slender spines. Disk of pronotum flat, narrower in front than at posterior margin. Lateral lobes curved obliquely backward in front and well NO. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 1 33, rounded posteriorly. Wing covers long and narrow, slightly wider at the base, and rounded at the apex. Stridulating organ of male of same general color as the insect, opaque on the left wing cover, the central portion of the right wing cover trans- parent. Anal plates of male short, with the cerci swollen, in- curved, and toothed. Key to Species. 1. Vertex with the cone slender, extending at least 3 mm. in front of the eyes 2 Vertex with the cone stouter, extending less than 3 mm. in front of the eyes 3 2. Lower face of cone with the apex black (Figs. 54, 55) ; a black line, on either margin extending half-way to the base ; inner lower carina of posterior femora with four or five minute spines ensiger Lower face of cone wholly black from the apex to the basal tooth (Fig. 56) ; both lower carinas of posterior femora with a number of rather prominent spines exiliscanorus 3. Cone of the vertex with the sides tapering ; apex usually without black margins, rarely with a narrow black line (Fig. 57) robustus Cone of the vertex with the sides sub-parallel ; the apex rounded and distinctly tipped with black (Figs. 58, 59) triops C. ensiger Harris. Sword-bearer. Plate X, 6. Fig. 54. Conocephalus ensiger, male. Dorsal view of vertex. Fig. 55. Conocephalus ensiger, male. Under side of tip of cone 134 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. This is our most slender and graceful species. Wings usually bright green, head and body somewhat lighter, usually a yellowish line on the lateral carinse of the pronotum. Posterior tibiae and tip of ovipositor smoky brown. Cone of vertex long and slender, usually over 3 mm., rather acutely rounded at apex, a black line on either margin beneath extending from the apex half- way or more to the base. Tegmina long, narrower than in any of our other species. Brown examples of ensiger seem to be quite scarce. Measurements. Body Cone Pronotum Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor Female 28-30 3-25-3-5 7-7-5 44*48 22 28-31 Male 24-26 3 7-7-5 37 _ 4o 20 Occurs in moist fields and meadows where the grass is tall and coarse, from July to October. Scotland, 2J July to 7 August, New Haven, 11 August to 10 September (B. H. W.). C. exiliscanorus Davis. FlG. 56. Conocephalus exiliscanorus, male. Dorsal view of vertex. Somewhat resembles robustus, but will be readily recognized by the long cone, the underside of which is black from the tip to the basal tooth. Measurements. Body Cone Pronotum Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor Female 40 4 8 43 23 38 Male 34 f 39 23 Beutenmuller states that this species is found from the latter part of July until cold weather in the salt marshes and meadows of Staten Island. A female in the collection of the Peabody Museum 61 Yale University, has the following record : New Haven (D. C. Eaton). NO. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 1 35 C. robustus Scudder. Plate X, 7. • FlG. 57. Conocephalus robustus, male. Dorsal view of vertex. General color pale green or pale brown, tegmina in the latter case usually sprinkled with small black dots. The cone of the vertex slightly shorter and blunter than in ensiger. The apex rarely tipped with black, the basal tooth small and blunt. A yellow line extends from the vertex along the lateral carinae of the pronotum. Wings of the male as long as the tegmina, those of the female a trifle shorter. Measurements. Cone Pronotum Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor 2.5 7-5 46-48 25 25-26 2.25 8 40-44 22 This is the most common species in the vicinity of New Haven. It is found on the salt marsh, along roadsides, and on dry, light soil, especially in the bunch-grass, in the roots of which it is said to deposit its eggs. Its song, which is very loud and much resembles that of the harvest-fly, Cicada canicular is, is frequently heard late in the afternoon and during the evening. New Haven, August and September, Scotland, 11 August, Plainfield, 14 August, North Haven, 17 September (B. H. W.). C. triops Linnaeus. Plate X, 8. Body Female 32 Male 30 Fig. 58. Conocephalus triops, male. Dorsal view of vertex. ^ Fig. 59. Conocephalus triops, male. Under side of tip of cone. I36 . CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Somewhat smaller than robustus and rather stouter than ensiger. The cone of the vertex is short, with the sides nearly parallel and the front obtusely rounded ; the apex beneath dis- tinctly tipped with black. Nearly half of the specimens taken are light brown. Measurements. Body Cone Pronotum Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor Female 27-30 2 6-5 30-39 20-22 28-34 Male 24-28 2 7 32-36 18-20 This species was first taken near New Haven in 1902,* and that was the first record of the occurrence of a native specimen in New England. In 1904 it was fairly common in this vicinity, seven specimens being taken at one time in the tall grass along a ditch which contained water only in very wet seasons. New Haven, 29 August to 3 October, Westville, 19 September (B. H. W.). Xiphidium Serville. The insects of this genus are our smallest winged locustids. Head with the face rounded, somewhat oblique, and with rather large roundish eyes. Vertex extends forward and slightly up- ward in the form of a rounded tubercle. Prosternal spines very short and weak. Tegmina narrow and straight, the length variable, but usually shorter than the abdomen. Wings usually not reaching the tips of the tegmina. Calling organs of male well developed, light brown in color, the middle transparent. Hind femora swollen at base, of medium length. Ovipositor slender, nearly straight, rarely slightly upcurved. Cerci of male swollen, with a basal tooth on the inner margin. The length of the wings and the color are quite variable in the members of this genus. Key to Species. 1. Ovipositor shorter than the body 2 Ovipositor as long as the body ensiferum 2. Body very slender, wings slightly exceeding the teg- mina, which are fully developed and longer than the abdomen fasciatum * Psyche, Vol. XI, p. 23, 1904. NO. l6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 1 37 Body stouter, wings usually shorter than the tegmina. Tegmina usually not reaching tip of abdomen .... brevipenne X. fasciatum DeGeer. Slender Meadow Grasshopper. Plate X, 9 . This pretty little species is one of our most slender-bodied locustids. The following parts are green : face, sides of pro- notum, sides of abdomen, legs (excepting knees and tarsi), and base of ovipositor. A broad, dark, reddish brown, longitudinal stripe on occiput and pronotum. The tegmina, the abdomen above, and apical third of ovipositor reddish brown. Measurements. Body Pronotum Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor Female 12-14.5 3 I5-I9-5 12.5 7-5-9 Male 12-13. 5 3 13-1S 12 This grasshopper is very common throughout Connecticut in moist meadows from early July until late in the fall. X. brevipenne Scudder. Short-winged Meadow Grass- hopper. Body rather shorter and stouter than in fasciatum. Posterior femora somewhat stout and rather short. The color is a light reddish brown, the face and sides of pronotum generally green. A broad, dark brown, longitudinal stripe bordered on either side with a line of yellow on occiput and disk of pronotum. The ovipositor wholly reddish brown, darker towards tip. Long- winged specimens occur rarely. Measurements. Body Pronotum Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor Female 11-13 3.5 7-8 n-12.5 10-12 Male 11 3 7-8 10- 1 1 This is also a very common species throughout the state, in damp fields, and plentiful on the salt marshes. X. ensiferum Scudder. " Very similar in general appearance to X. brevipenne Scudder, and may be only a large variety of that species. Typical examples are larger, with a longer ovipositor, which is equal I38 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. in length to the body and equals or slightly exceeds the length of the hind femora. Tegmina of the common short-winged form covering about two-thirds of the abdomen in the female; usually reaching its tip in the male. Hind femora usually unarmed, though sometimes bearing one to four small teeth on their lower outer carina. Cerci of male rather stout, with the apical half curved slightly outward and depressed. Ovipositor slender, straight. The general color is more of a green than in brevipenne ; the face, sides of pronotum and abdomen, and usually the four anterior femora being of that hue. The tegmina and wings are light reddish brown, as are also the tibiae and ovi- positor."* Measurements. Body Pronotum Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor Female 12-14 3.5 8.5 13.5 12-14 Male 12.5 3.5 10 13 Long-winged female 14. North Madison, last week in August (W. S. B.). Orchelimum Serville. Closely resembling Xiphidium, but of larger size. Spines of the presternum cylindrical and slender. Wing covers narrow, often tapering towards the apex, surpassing the tip of the ab- domen in our species. Wings extending beyond the tips of the tegmina. Calling organ similar but larger in proportion than in Xiphidium. Ovipositor stout, broad, and usually upcurved beyond the middle. Key to Species. 1. Face without a brown median stripe 2 Face with a dark reddish brown stripe down the center herbaceum 2. Tegmina and wings of nearly equal length, extending but little beyond the tips of the hind femora; size medium (body 18-19 mm.) vulgare Tegmina shorter than the wings, distinctly surpassing the tips of the hind femora; size larger (body 22-23 mm.) glaberrimum *Blatchley. "Orthoptera of Indiana," p. 375. NO. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 1 39 O. vulgare Harris. O. agile De Geer, of Scudder's catalogue. Common Meadow Grasshopper. Plate XI, I.. General color grass-green or light reddish brown. Face pale green or light brown without fuscous stripe. A brown dorsal stripe which is narrow on the occiput and broadened on the disk of the pronotum. The male with two black dashes on either wing cover, which form the corners of a square area which en- closes the calling organ. Legs light brown with the tarsi darker. The antennae slender, about twice as long as the body. Pro- notum long, with posterior margin well rounded. The tegmina are usually about as long as the wings and reach to or slightly surpass the tips of the hind femora. Measurements. Body Pronotum Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor Female 19 5.5 20 15-20 8-9 Male 18 5.5 20 I3-5-I7 Very common throughout the state from the middle of July until fall. Frequents moist places where the grass and weeds are thick and succulent. O. herbaceum Serville. 0. concinnum Scudder. Much more slender than vulgare, with narrow wing covers. General color grass-green. A broad, reddish brown longitudinal stripe on the pronotum and on the occiput, where it is narrowed to the width of the apex. This stripe is continuous down the face, extending broadly toward the clypeus. Legs green, with more or less brown. Wing covers extending beyond the tips of the hind femora, somewhat shorter than the wings in both sexes. Ovipositor slightly curved. Measurements. Body Pronotum Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor Female 18 4-4.5 20 13-16 8 Male 18 4-4.5 20 15 Occurs on salt marshes from July until late fall. O. glaberrimum Burmeister. Similar to vulgare but larger, considered by some as a form of that species. In the female the brown stripe on the pronotum 140 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. is more distinctly margined with black, and in the male the black dashes on the tegmina are larger. The tegmina of the male surpass the hind femora by about 4 mm., and the wings are about 4 mm. longer than the tegmina. The measurements given by Blatchley are as follows : — Body Pronotum Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor Female 23 6.5 24-27 20 8.5 Male 22 6 26 19 This insect should be looked for in locations similar to those frequented by the preceding species. We have no record of this species, but Scudder in his New England catalogue gives "Connecticut' as a locality in which it has been found. DECTICIN.E. The members of this sub-family are wingless or with very rudimentary wings. The hearing organs are small and narrow, situated near the base of the fore tibiae, the latter having an apical spine on their outer upper side. " The tarsi are all more or less depressed, and their first two joints are sulcate lengthwise on the sides; while the first joint of those of the hind legs bears a free plantula (pad) beneath its base." — Blatchley. This sub-family is well represented in the West, but in Connecticut we have but one genus with two species. Atlanticus Scudder. Head with rounded face and small, nearly round eyes. Face broad ; vertex extending between the antennae in the form of a blunt, decurved ridge. Pronotum flattened on top, narrowed in front, and extending back over first abdominal segment ; posterior margin well rounded, lateral lobes bent abruptly downward, lateral carinae sharp. Tegmina of females rudimentary, wholly covered by the pronotum ; those of the male about half as long as the body. Stridulating organ of male covered by pronotum. Wings very rudimentary or wanting. Posterior femora long and rather slender, passing the end of the abdomen in both sexes. Ovipositor stout at base, straight, about as long as the body. The members of this genus are called " shield-back grass- hoppers " on account of the large pronotum. NO. l6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. I4I Key to Species Pronotum more than half the length of the posterior femora, the front margin narrow, but little more than half as wide as hind margin pachymerus Pronotum not more than half the length of the posterior femora, the front margin about three-fourths the width of the hind margin dorsalis A. pachymerus Burmeister. Plate XI, 2. Grayish or reddish brown ; the upper portion of lateral lobes of pronotum of the male black, often shining. Wing covers marked with black. A curved, yellow line above the posterior angle of the pronotum, which in the female is bordered above with black. Abdomen and femora sprinkled with minute black dots. The lateral carinas of pronotum sharp and the posterior margin broadly rounded. The hind femora and ovipositor some- what shorter than in dorsalis. . • Measurements. Body Pronotum Tegraina Hind Femora Ovipositor Female 20 9 15 20 Male 19 9 8 15 This insect is rare in Connecticcut. Occurs in dry localities. Scotland, 27 July, 2 September (B. H. W.). A. dorsalis Burmeister. The male is usually dark brown sprinkled with gray, female somewhat lighter. The pronotum is slightly longer than in pachymerus, the posterior margin more nearly truncate, and the lateral carinse less sharp. Measurements. Body Pronotum Hind Femora Ovipositor Female 24 9.5 20.5 23-30 Male 19 9 19 This insect occurs in locations similar to those of the preced- ing species. We have no record of the occurrence of this insect in the state, but Scudder, in his list of the Orthoptera of New England, states that dorsalis has been reported from every New England state but Maine. 142 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. STENOPELMATINyE. The insects belonging to this sub-family are commonly called " stone-" or " camel-crickets." One genus is represented in Connecticut. Ceuthophilus Scudder. Wingless Locustidce, medium or large in size, with a thick body. Head large, oval, deflexed, extending backward between the fore legs. Vertex without tubercles. Eyes somewhat pyri- form in shape, widest at the top, and situated close to the base of the antennae, which are long, slender, and cylindrical. Maxil- lary palpi long and slender, the first joint longest, grooved be- neath at the apex. Pronotum short, prosternum unarmed. Hind femora stout, turned inward at the base, channeled beneath, with the margins of the channel either serrate or spined in the male, nearly smooth in the female. Ovipositor well developed, slightly upturned at the tip. Cerci of male long and slender, usually thickly clothed with hair. The members of this genus are nocturnal in habit, and are usually found in damp places under stones, bark of stumps, logs, and in damp, dark cellars. Uusually but one or two pairs are found together. Our col- lection contains very little material in this genus, and the follow- ing keys and descriptions are mainly taken from other papers. The females are very hard to identify, and the keys are for distinguishing the males. The female is similar in color to the male, and as the species are usually found in pairs, these should be placed together in the collection. Key to Species. 1. Large species; hind femora more than 20 mm. in length 2 Smaller species ; hind femora rarely more than 16 mm. in length 3 2. Hind femora less than four times as long as broad; hind tibiae more than one-tenth as long as femora, more or less sinuate at base in old males gracilipes Hind femora more than four times as long as broad ; hind tibiae scarcely more than one-tenth longer than femora, straight at base grandis 3. Fore femora but little, if any, longer than the pronotum 4 NO. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 1 43 Fore femora one-third or more longer than the pro- notum 5 4. General color clear reddish brown mottled with paler brown ; hind femora of male more than twice as long as the fore femora; each of the lower carinae with about 25 crowded minute teeth terrestris General color dull sooty brown, with numerous paler spots; hind femora of male about twice as long as the fore femora, with 7 to 15 small but distinct teeth on each of the carinas brevipes 5. Hind tibiae of male arcuate or sinuate in basal half; fore femora rarely exceeding the length of the pronotum . . macula tus Hind tibiae straight; fore femora somewhat longer than the pronotum 6 6. Hind femora stout, with 8 to 10 rather large unequal spines on the lower outer carinae latens Hind femora rather slender, with 12 to 20 spines on the lower outer carinae well separated from each other pallidipes Hind femora rather stout, with 25 to 30 minute spines on the lower outer carinae more or less crowded to- gether neglectus C. gracilipes Haldeman. Plate XI, 3. Light yellowish to dark, heavily marked with irregular black blotches, the dark colors prevailing on the posterior half of all the segments. Outer sides of the hind femora with the black transverse bars more or less distinct. Antennae long, three to four times the length of the body. Legs very long and slender. Fore femora more than half as long as the pronotum, the inner carina with two to three spines. Hind femora as long as, or longer than, the body, considerably more than twice the length of the fore femora, very stout at the base. Outer carina in male with about thirteen distinct, unequal, rather coarse spines. Hind tibiae straight, or in old males slightly waved in the basal third; about a sixth longer than the hind femora. Cerci nearly a third as long as the hind femora. Ovipositor with the basal third stout, rather slender towards the tip; nearly three-fourths the length of the hind femora. Female 23 Male 19 I44 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Measurements. Pronotum Fore Femora Hind Femora Hind Tibiae Ovipositor 6.75 10.6 22 25 15.5 5-75 10 21.5 24.75 Occurs during July and August, in dark damp cellars, under the bark of fallen trees, and in similar places. New Canaan, 15 September (B. H. W.). C. grandis Scudder. Color and markings similar to gracilipes. Legs very long and slender. Antennae fully four times as long as the body. Fore femora about one and two-thirds the length of the pronotum, inner carina with three to four rather short, sub-equal spines. Hind femora as long as the body, very little more than twice the length of the fore femora, rather stout at base; the outer carina with eight to twelve distinct, nearly equal spines. Hind tibiae straight in both sexes, fully one-tenth longer than the femora. Cerci slender and delicately tapering. Ovipositor more than half as long as the hind tibiae, slender apically. Measurements. Body Pronotum Fore Femora Hind Femora Hind Tibiae Ovipositor Female 23.5 6.7 10.75 2 3-4 2 5-6 x 3-5 Male 19 6.7 11.25 22.8 25 Occurs in places similar to those frequented by gracilipes. Mt. Carmel, 6 August (E. F. Coe). C. terrestris Scudder. Reddish brown, the abdomen mottled with pale spots; often a median light stripe above on the pronotum, bordered by darker blotches ; legs lighter ; hind femora with the dark transverse bars not very prominent. Fore femora somewhat longer than the pronotum, unarmed. Hind femora rather stout, both carinae of male with about twenty-five small tooth-like serrations ; those of the female unarmed or with minute teeth on the apical third. Hind tibiae straight, a little shorter than the hind femora. Ovi- positor less than three-fifths the length of the hind femora, a little pointed and upturned at the tip. NO. l6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. I45 Measurements. Body Pronotum Fore Femora Hind Femora Hind Tibiae Ovipositor Female 16 5 6.5 15 15 8 Male 13 5 6 16 15 A female in our collection, labeled, " probably terrestris," bears the data: — Salisbury, 2J August (W. E. B.). C. brevipes Scudder. Dull sooty brown, very freely mottled with dull yellow spots ; thorax darker, usually with a narrow median stripe of clay- yellow. Body robust, fore femora one-third or more longer than the pronotum ; a single spine on the lower outer carina. Hind femora short and stout, both carinae in the male with seven to fifteen small, saw-like teeth on apical half; teeth smaller in fe- male. Hind tibiae straight, distinctly longer than hind femora. Ovipositor rather slender, about two-thirds the length of hind femora, the tip but little upturned. Measurements. Body Pronotum Fore Femora Hind Femora Hind Tibiae Ovipositor Female 16 4.5 6.5 15 16 8 Male 13 5 6 14 15 A record furnsihed by Professor Blatchley is as follows : — " North Madison, August (last week). Two taken from beneath stones." C. maculatus Say. Spotted Camel Cricket. Dark sooty brown above ; thoracic segments often with a lighter brown median stripe ; below, yellowish brown. The ab- dominal segments with small yellow spots above, arranged more or less in regular transverse rows. Legs reddish brown, hind femora with narrow dark brown cross-bars arranged in narrow rows. Fore femora slightly longer than the pronotum, the inner carina with one or two rather long sub-apical spines. Hind femora of male with the outer carina with twelve to fifteen un- equal spines, the inner carina with a similar number of nearly equal minute spines. Hind tibiae of male a little longer than hind femora, with the basal third bowed. Ovipositor about two- thirds the length of the hind femora, slightly tapering to the tip, which is upturned. 10 I46 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Measurements. Body Pronotum Fore Femora Hind Femora Hind Tibiae Ovipositor Female 16 5 6 16 17.25 10 Male 14 5 6 15 17 This is our most common species, found in damp cellars, under stones, logs, etc. From various parts of the state, from June until December. C. latens Scudder. Black-sided Camel Cricket. Thorax with a median reddish brown stripe, on either side of which is a broad blackish stripe extending about half way down the sides, and back onto one or more segments of the abdomen. The sides below the dark bands are pale yellow. The abdomen and outer faces of hind femora spotted with brownish yellow. Legs light brown. Fore femora nearly a third longer than the pronotum. Hind femora stout with eight or nine spines on the outer carina, the four or five middle spines rather strong and prominent. Hind tibiae straight, seldom longer than the hind femora. Ovipositor nearly twice as long as the fore femora, straight, with the tip a little upturned and acute. Measurements. Body Pronotum Fore Femora Hind Femora Hind Tibiae Ovipositor Female 24 6.5 7 19 20 11 Male 22 6.5 7 19 21 Under stones, Lyme, 21 August (B. H. W.). C. pallidipes Walker. Color and markings very similar to latens. This species is much smaller, however, the hind femora more slender, and differing greatly in the character of the spines. The ovipositor is stouter at the base than in latens. Measurements. Body Pronotum Fore Femora Hind|Femora Hind/Tibiae Ovipositor Female 14 4.3 5.8 14 14.8 9 Male 14 4.1 5.8 13.5 14.8 One male, probably this species, taken at New Haven, 17 June (B. H. W.) NO. l6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 147 C. neglectus Scudder. Chestnut brown more or less mixed with smoky; females usually darker. A broad, more or less indistinct and broken yellowish median stripe on pronotum. Sides of pronotum and abdomen more or less spotted with yellowish. Legs usually yellowish to chestnut brown, tips of all femora dark. Hind femora with scalariform fuscous markings. Antennae slender, two to three times as long as the body. Legs rather slender and moderately short. Fore femora very little longer than the pro- notum. Hind femora stout, about as long as the body and about two and one-fourth times as long as the fore femora. Outer carina minutely, closely, and uniformly serrate. Hind tibiae slender, straight in both sexes, about as long as, or no longer than, the hind femora. Cerci moderately stout. Ovipositor half as long as hind tibiae, straight, tapering in the basal half, the tip slightly upcurved and acutely pointed. Measurements. Body Pronotum Fore femora Hind femora Ovipositor Female 12.5 4.6 5 11. 7 6 Male 12.5 4.4 5 12 Lyme, i May (A. B. C.) ; Lyme, 21 August (B. H. W.). gryllidje. This family includes the crickets. The wing covers are flat on the dorsal part of the abdomen and bent abruptly down at the sides. The tarsi are three- jointed, without pads (pulvilli) be- tween the claws; the fore coxae longer than broad. The ocelli are usually present, and the antennae, as in the Locustidce, are long and slender. The hearing organ when present is also situated on the base of the fore tibiae. The calling organ, as in the preceding family, is near the base of the tegmina of the males, but is larger, extending across both the anal and median areas of the tegmina. The chirp of the crickets, with which we are all familiar, is made only by the males, and is produced by rub- bing the veins of the area of one tegmen over those of the other. The hind wings of the crickets are usually short and of but little use as organs of flight, though sometimes they extend nearly twice the length of the tegmina. The hind femora are 148 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. well developed, and the insects of this family are ready leapers. The ovipositor of the female, when protruding, is usually long and cylindrical, with the tip often enlarged. The eggs of most species are deposited singly in the ground, while those that bur- row in the ground deposit theirs in irregular masses in their burrows. The tree-crickets lay their eggs in single rows in the pith of the stems of various plants. See Fig. 60. B' rfil ■foS a Pig. 60. Eggs of tree cricket in peach twig. a. Twig showing punctures. cut to show the eggs. b. Twig I. l6l Key to Sub-families. Tarsi with the second joint minute, flattened laterally Tarsi with the second joint distinct, flattened vertically, heart-shaped trigonidiin^e p. Fore tibiae not enlarged ; female with the ovipositor ex- tended Fore tibiae enlarged, fitted for digging; female without an extended ovipositor gryllot alpine p. Hind tibiae rather stout, armed with two rows of stout spines, without teeth between them. . . .gryllin^e p. Hind tibiae slender, unarmed, or the spines slender with minute teeth between cecanthin^e p. 155 149 150 NO. l6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. I49 GR YLLOTALPI NJE. The crickets of this sub-family have the fore legs modified so that they are fitted for digging, and burrow in the ground. The antennae are much shorter and stouter than in our other Gryllidce. The ovipositor of the female is not extended so as to be visible. Key to Genera. Body more than 25 mm. in length. Fore tibiae broadly ex- panded and with prominent claws ; hind femora slender ; tarsi three- jointed Gryllotalpa p. 149 Body less than 10 mm. in length. Fore tibiae not broadly ex- panded, but with three or four spines at the apex, hind femora stout; tarsi with but one joint. . .Tridactylus p. 150 Gryllotalpa Linnaeus. Head small ; eyes about one-fourth as large as in other large- sized Gryllidce. Pronotum large, the front emarginate, the pos- terior margin well rounded, the dorsal surface and sides convex, with the lateral carinae absent. Abdomen rounded, about twice as long as pronotum. Fore legs modified for digging, very stout, broad, flattened, and furnished at apex with four claws. The upper two, which are the largest, are movable, while the others are fixed. Posterior femora but slightly enlarged, and shorter than the pronotum. Hind tarsi short. The ovipositor of the female is not visible, and the sexes are distinguished by the dif- ference in the venation of the upper wing covers, due to the presence of the calling organ in the male. Cerci long and slender.. G. borealis Burmeister. G. Columbia Scudder. Northern Mole-cricket. Plate XI, 4. General color seal-brown, thickly covered with short, fine hairs, giving the insect a velvety appearance. The tegmina from about one-half to three-fourths the length of the abdomen. Wings dimorphic, slightly exceeding the tegmina in the short-winged form, or exceeding the tip of the abdomen in the long-winged form. Measurements. Body Pronotum Tegmina Hind Femora 26-30 7-9.5 Q-I2 7-5 I50 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. This insect will be readily recognized by its resemblance in miniature to a mole. It is found in the mud or sand along the margins of streams and ponds. Here it makes small burrows resembling those of a mole, about the size of a lead pencil. Not common. New Haven (shore of Lake Whitney), 4 August, Bloomfield, 18 October (W. E. B.). Tridactylus Oliver. Head and pronotum rounded ; eyes oval ; antennse short. The fore tibiae not broadly expanded as in Gryllotalpa, but furnished with four apical spines or teeth. These teeth vary much in size and form. The tegmina are horny and opaque, not reaching the tip of the abdomen, and the males are not furnished with a calling organ. The hind wings are long and folded lengthwise like a fan. The posterior femora are long and broad, and, unlike the large mole-crickets, the members of this genus are active leapers. The species of this genus are " sand crickets," and are among the smallest crickets. The largest of the three species found in the United States is less than 10 mm. (about ^ of an inch) in length. T. terminalis Uhler. Plate XI, 5. General color glossy black, more or less marked with reddish brown spots. Posterior femora with two white spots or fasciae. The wings reach to the tip of the abdomen or somewhat surpass it in both sexes. Measurements. Body Pronotum Tegmina Hind Femora 6-8 2 3 3.5 • This insect makes very small burrows in the sandy margins of ponds. We have not taken the sand cricket in this state, but Scudder states that it has been taken in Connecticut. GRYLLIN.E. This sub-family includes the ground and field crickets which are everywhere so common during the summer and fall. Key to Genera. Last joint of maxillary palpi twice the length of the one preceding ; hind tibiae with long, movable, pilose spines ; NO. l6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 151 first joint of hind tarsi unarmed above or with one row of small teeth Nemobius p. 151 Last joint of maxillary palpi but little, if any, longer than the one preceding; hind tibiae sulcate above, with a row of teeth on each side Gryllus p. 153 Nemobius Serville. Crickets of small size. Head and thorax of nearly equal width, clothed with rather long hairs. First, second, and fourth joints of maxillary palpus small, the third and fifth larger, the fifth or last joint about twice the length of the fourth and en- larged at the apex. Wing covers with the veins running length- wise, while in the females of Gryllus the veins run obliquely from each side. Hind tibiae with long unequal spines. Key to Species. 1. Ovipositor shorter than hind femora, usually more or less curved 2 Ovipositor longer than hind femora, nearly straight. . fasciatus 2. Tegmina of male reaching tip of abdomen, yellowish brown in color. Length of body of female more than 8 mm carolinus Tegmina reaching only two-thirds to three-fourths the length of the abdomen, black or very dark brown in color. Length of body of female less than 6*5 mm. palustris N. fasciatus DeGeer. The Striped Ground Cricket. Plate XI, 6 and 7. The type form of this species is long-winged ; the short-winged form, vittatus, is, however, much more common. The general color of the short-winged form is a dusky brown to a rusty black, the tegmina and legs sometimes paler. The head is marked with four black longitudinal stripes which are hardly discernible in the darker specimens. The long-winged form is usually nearly black, the head and pronotum clothed with long hairs. The tegmina of the male are as long, or nearly as long, as the ab- domen, while those of the female cover about half the abdomen. 152 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. In the long-winged form the wings are more than twice the length of the tegmina. Measurements. Body Pronotum Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor Female 9-5-1 1 3 4 6.5 8-9 Male 10 3 5 6.5 The wings in the long- winged form, 13 mm. The short-winged form is very common throughout the state from early July until after frost. The long-winged form is quite rare. N. carolinus Scudder. N. a-PHnis Beutenmuller. Head, antennae, and pronotum varying from dull yellow to dusky brown ; the latter more or less mottled with dark. Head and pronotum sparsely clothed with long, black, bristly hairs. Tegmina brownish yellow with a black bar on the upper third of the lateral field. The legs dull brownish yellow, often mottled with black. Tegmina of males as long as abdomen, those of the female covering about half of the abdomen. Wings absent. Cerci very slender and as long as the abdomen. Ovipositor mod- erately stout, shorter than the hind femora and slightly upcurved. Measurements. Body Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor Female S.5 3.5 6.2 3.8 Male 7 4.2 5.3 Apparently not very common in Connecticut. Should be looked for on sunny slopes and in open woods. West Woodstock, September (W. B.) ; Lyme, 21 August (B. H. W.). N. palustris Blatchley. Marsh Ground Cricket. " Size, small ; the body of male especially short and broad. Head tumid; eyes large, but not prominent. Pronotum one- third broader than long, the sides sub-equal, rather thickly beset with stiff, black bristles, as are also the forehead and dorsal sur- face of the two front femora. Head, tegmina, and body of most specimens a uniform dark piceous ; disk of pronotum piceous, or fuscous sprinkled with piceous. Antennas, legs, and ovipositor fuscous. Maxillary palpi yellowish, except the apical joint which NO. l6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 1 53 is wholly piceous. Tegmina of female covering a little more than half the abdomen; those of the male hardly reaching its tip. Ovipositor about a third shorter than hind femora, distinctly though feebly arcuate, the apical blades but little enlarged at the base, very finely serrulate with dull, rasp-like teeth." — Blatchley. Measurements. Body Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor Female 6.2 3 5 3-5 Male 5.8 4 4-5 This small species inhabits swampy places, often living in sphagnum moss. Canaan, South Kent, August 18-19 (A. P. M.) ; Salisbury, 27 August (W. E. B.) ; Lyme, 21 August, New Haven, August and September (B. H. W.). Gryllus Linnaeus. This genus includes the large dark colored field crickets. The body stout, head large and globose; eyes large and rounded. Antennae slender, longer than the body. Pronotum wider than long, the width about equalling that of the head. Hind femora stout; hind tibiae with two rows of long fixed spines, their length increasing towards the apex. Ovipositor as long as or longer than the hind femora, the length varying but little in the same species. Some species are dimorphic as regards wing length. Key to Species. 1. General color black, tegmina often dull reddish brown; basal joint of antennae not projecting beyond front of head 2 Straw-colored, head and thorax marked with brown ; basal joint of antennae projecting slightly beyond front of head domesticus 2. Ovipositor more than 18 mm. in length ; about one and one-half times the length of the hind femora. Male stout, head large and broad abbreviatus Ovipositor not more than 14 mm. in length ; about one and one-fourth times the length of the hind femora. Male more slender, head more narrow. . . pennsylvanicus 154 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. G. abbreviatus Serville. Common Field Cricket. Plate XI, 8. Body large and wide. Head shining black, that of the male much swollen and broader than the pronotum, less prominent in the female. Pronotum about one and one-half times as wide as long. Tegmina usually dark reddish brown to black, some- times dull yellowish brown, covering the abdomen in the male or about three-fourths of the abdomen in the female. Wings much shorter than the tegmina in the type, or twice their length in the long-winged form, hictnosus. Hind femora very stout, dark reddish brown to black. Ovipositor very long, equaling or exceeding the body in length, and nearly or fully one and one-half times the length of the hind femora. Measurements. Body Pronotum Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor Female 18-22 4.75 12 13 I8-20 Male 18-21 4 12 13 Common throughout the state from August until frost. G. pennsylvanicus Burmeister. A rather broad species with the head of the male less swollen than in abbreviatus ; pronotum slightly wider in proportion than in the above species. The tegmina vary in color from deep black to grayish brown, often with a yellowish brown line along the humeral angle ; the tegmina reach the tip of the abdomen in the male, nearly to the tip in the short-winged female, or slightly surpass it in the long-winged form. Hind femora short and stout. Ovipositor always shorter than the body, slightly longer than the hind femora. Measurements. Body Pronotum Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor Female 22 4 9 12 14 Male 16-17 3.5 10 12 Common throughout the state from May until frost; is found under stones and rubbish. G. domesticus Linnaeus. House Cricket. Pale yellowish brown or straw-color, with reddish brown markings on head and pronotum. Tegmina reaching nearly or NO. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 1 55 quite to the tip of the abdomen, sometimes a reddish brown spot on their basal third. Inner wings either abbreviated or extend- ing considerably beyond the ends of tegmina. Hind femora short and slender. Ovipositor about one and one-fifth times the length of the hind femora, pale brown becoming darker towards the tip. Measurements. Body Tegmina Pronotum Hind Femora Ovipositor Female 15 II 3-5 IO 12 Male 16.5 11 3-5 IO This cricket is very numerous in Europe and is the " cricket on the hearth." It is very rare in this section, though it has been taken in the vicinity of New York. It is probably less common now than it was when the old-fashioned stone fireplaces were used. We have no records of the capture of this species in Connecticut. CECANTHIN.E. This sub-family contains the small whitish insects known as tree crickets. Two genera are represented in Connecticut. Key to Genera. Hind tibiae armed with weak spines; first joint of antennae without spine on under side ; hind wings at most but little longer than the tegmina CEcanthus p. 155 Hind tibiae not armed with spines ; first joint of antennae with a blunt tooth on the under side ; hind wings nearly twice as long as the tegmina Xabea p. 161 CEcanthus Serville. Head and thorax elongated ; the latter with deflexed sides and the anterior portion of pronotum somewhat narrower than the posterior. Wing covers of the female regularly reticulate, with the oblique longitudinal veins plainly visible ; wing covers bent around the body, while the male is given a much broader ap- pearance by having the wing covers flattened ; they are also more transparent and of a firmer texture than those of the female. Hind femora slender; tibiae armed with weak spines between which are minute teeth ; tarsi four- jointed, long and slender, with the second joint very small and compressed. Ovipositor shorter I56 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. than hind femora, straight, with the apex slightly enlarged and rather blunt. This genus includes the small greenish white insects known as tree crickets. These may be seen throughout the latter part of the season clinging to tall weeds and shrubs, or on the trunks and large branches of trees. The eggs of the tree crickets are deposited in the tender shoots or pith of various plants. See Fig. 60. Raspberries and blackberries are often seriously in- jured by at least one species, whose punctures so weaken the canes that they readily break off. Key to Species. 1. Antennae with one or more black marks on the under side of each of the first two basal joints. Tegmina of male narrow, the width less than half the length. ... 2 Antennae without black marks on the under side of the first two basal joints. Tegmina of male broad, the width more than half the length latipennis 2. The two basal antennal joints each with one mark. ... 3 Antennae either black or with two marks on each of the two basal joints 5 3. Antennal marks elongated, of unequal size 4 Antennal marks consisting of small oval dots (Fig. 61) niveus 4. First antennal mark long and straight, second mark oblong (Fig. 63) exclamationis First antennal mark long and hooked at base; second joint with oblong mark (Fig. 62) angustipennis 5. Head and thorax greenish yellow or yellowish brown; antennal marks distinct 6 Head and thorax black or striped with black ; antennae usually black, but, when marks are discernible, those of first joint generally connected at apex (Fig. 64) fasciatus 6. Pale greenish or yellow; antennal marks distinct, par- allel ; outer mark on first joint nearly round (Fig. 65) quadripunctatus Head, thorax, and legs testaceous; outer mark on first joint elongated and oblique (Fig. 66) pini NO. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 1 57 CE. latipennis Riley. Broad-winged Tree Cricket. Male, greenish white ; female yellowish green. Antennae with- out black markings on the basal joints. These joints and top of head are of a distinct pink color. The wing covers of the male are much wider than in any of our other species. Blatchley gives the following : — Measurements. Body Pronotum Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor Female 12.5 3.1 14.5 10 6.5 Male 12.5 3.1 15 IO Width of dorsal surface tegmina of male, 7.5 mm. This insect is said to live on low plants in damp places. Should be looked for during September and October. We have no record of this species being taken in the state. CE. niveus DeGeer. Snowy Tree Cricket. Fig. 61. CEcanthus niveus Basal joints of antenna, showing markings. General color greenish ivory-white. The under side of the two basal joints of the antennae each with a small, roundish, black spot. Head larger and pronotum wider anteriorly than in angustip emits. The maxillary palpi are longer than in the other species. The tegmina are much longer than the abdomen, and the wings equal to, or slightly longer than, the tegmina. Ovipositor short, straight, and usually tipped with black. Measurements. Body Pronotum Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor Female 14 2.25 14 n 5.5 Male 12 2.25 12 10 Much has been written in the past regarding this species and the injury caused by it. From careful observation it is thought that in much of this literature other species have been confounded with this one. From our experience niveus is much less common than at least three of our other species. New Haven, 16 August (P. L. B.) ; Norwalk, 13 October (W. E. B.) ; New Haven, 12 October, Windsor, 13 September (B. H. W.). I58 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. CE. angustipennis Fitch. Narrow-winged Tree Cricket. Plate XI, 9 and 10. Fig. 62. CEcanthtis angustipennis. Basal joints of antenna, showing markings. Pale yellowish green, top of head and thorax sometimes yel- lowish brown. The basal antennal joint with an elongated black mark curved inward at the base, second joint with an oblong black mark. Head small, anterior portion of pronotum narrow. Tegmina narrower than in any other species excepting quadri- punctatus. Measurements. Body Pronotum Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor Female 12 2.5 12 9 5 Male 12 2.5 11. 5 9 This species is quite common around New Haven. Often seen resting on the trunks of trees. New Haven, 14 August to 12 October, Hartford, 22 September, New Canaan, 19 September to 20 October (W. E. B.). CE. exclamationis Davis. Fig. 63. OEcanthus exclamationis. Basal joints of antenna, showing markings. Closely related to CE. angustipennis, but is larger, and the top of pronotum is not clouded, as is often the case in the latter species. The general color is pale greenish white, and the black markings on the antennae resemble an exclamation point. The long mark on the first joint is not bent at the base as in CE. angustipennis. This species was described by Mr. Davis in Canadian En- tomologist, Vol. XXXIX, p. 173, 1907. Specimens sent to him by the writer were pronounced to be of that species. Collected NO. 1 6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 159 on trunks of trees in company with CE. angustipennis. New Haven, 20 August to 12 October (B. H. W.). CE. fasciatus Fitch. CE. nigricomis Walker. Striped Tree Cricket. Plate XI, II. Fig. 64. CE cant hus fasciatus. Basal joints of antenna, showing markings. General color greenish yellow, the body and legs often darker. Head and pronotum with from one to three longitudinal diffused black lines, often entirely black. Antennae about two and one- half times the length of the body. Entirely black or with two black marks on each of the two basal segments. The inner mark on the first joint twice as long as the other mark, with which it is often united at the apical end of the joint. Tegmina some- what narrower than those of niveus. Apical spines of posterior tibise stronger and more acute than in allied species. Ovipositor slightly upcurved towards apex. Measurements. Body Pronotum Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor Female 12 3 12 9 6 Male 12.5 3 12 9.5 Our most common species ; found on tall weeds and bushes along the roadsides, fence-corners, and the edges of swamps. Much of the damage credited to niveus may be due to this species. The writer has observed fasciatus ovipositing in Spircea sp. in a nursery. Occurs throughout the state. CE. quadripunctatus Beutenmiiller. Four-spotted Tree Cricket. Fig. 65. CEcanthus quadripunctatus. Basal joints of antenna, showing markings. l6o CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Pale yellowish green in color ; antennae light brown, two basal joints each with two black marks on under side; the inner mark on first joint about two-thirds the length of the joint, the upper end curving towards but not uniting with the outer mark, which is small and nearly round. The marks on second joint parallel, the inner mark about twice the length of the outer. Wing covers very narrow. Measurements. Body Pronotum Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor Female 11.5 2.5 10 8.5 5.2 Male 1 1. 5 2.5 11 8 This species is found in similar locations with fasciatus, and is our next most common species. Occurs throughout the state from August to October. CE. pini Beutenmuller. FIG. 66. CE cant hus pini. Basal joints of antenna, showing markings. " Head and antennae testaceous, the latter becoming darker towards the tip; first two joints with four black marks; the inner mark on the first joint long and straight, the outer oblique ; those on the second joint parallel; eyes black; thorax testaceous with a longitudinal line on each side above ; anterior pair of legs testaceous ; posterior femora green, tibiae testaceous ; body be- neath black with the sides yellowish green ; body above blackish with a green stripe along the back; elytra transparent, with grass-green veins ; hind wing slightly protruding beyond the elytra ; veins also green. The female is somewhat paler than the male, and the wings extend a little more beyond the elytra ; ovi- positor dark testaceous, tip black. Average length from head to tip of wing-covers, 14 mm. ; body, 12 mm. ; width, 4.5 mm. Somewhat resembles CE. nigricomis* but may readily be dis- tinguished from it by the grass-green color of the wings and • Nigricornis is now regarded as a synonym of fasciatus Fitch. NO. l6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. l6l the testaceous head and thorax, and marks on basal joints of the antennas. This insect lives only on pine trees, and usually on high branches.'' — Beutenmuller. CE. pini was described from specimens collected at West Woodstock, September, 1893, by W. Beutenmuller. Xabea Walker. This genus is closely related to (Ecanthus, but may be dis- tinguished as follows : — Antennae without black markings, the basal joint with a blunt tooth on the under side. The veins of tegmina of female are more irregular than those in (Ecanthus. The oblique longitudinal veins not conspicuous. Wings about twice as long as tegmina. Hind tibiae with apical spines only. Tarsi 3- jointed, the second joint very short. X. bipunctata DeGeer. Two-spotted Tree Cricket. General color pinkish white to pinkish brown; a rather large blackish spot near the base of the tegmina in the female and another near the center; tegmina of male without spots. Wings very long, about 20 mm. Quite rare, and readily recognized by the color and the dark spots on the tegmina of the female, Measurements. Body Pronotum Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor Female 14 3 12 10 6 Male 14 3 12 10 Portland, 14 August, New Canaan, 11 September (B. H. W. ). TRIGONIDIINiE. Crickets of very small size. The second tarsal joint is de- pressed and heart-shaped instead of compressed. The calling organ of the male is more simple than in the preceding crickets, being crossed by a single oblique vein. The ovipositor is short, compressed, and sabre-like. Anaxipha Saussure. The members of this genus look like small Nemobiids, but the females are distinguished by the compressed and strongly upcurved ovipositor, which somewhat resembles that of some of the Locustidcc. The antennae are very long and bristle-like. 11 l62 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Wing covers of male nearly encasing the abdomen, with a round glassy spot on their apical half. Hind wings absent. A. exigua Say. Head and pronotum dark reddish brown, sparsely clothed with rather long hairs. Tegmina and legs lighter, the former reaching the tip of the abdomen in the male, shorter in the female. Abdomen of male nearly black, that of the female brown above, darker on the sides. Ovipositor dark brown, paler at tip. Cerci very long and slender with long yellow hairs. Measurements. Body Tegmina Hind Femora Ovipositor Female 7 3.5 6 3.5 Male 6 4.5 6 This pretty little cricket lives on bushes instead of on the ground, especially on or near the salt marshes. While not very common, it will probably be found by careful searching. West- brook (in black grass), 30 August (H. L. V.). Note — Under Ischnoptcra should be included /. borcalis Brunner. This roach resembles /. uhleriona and is considered identical by some writers. It is slightly smaller than the latter species, and in the male the supra-anal plate is broadly rounded, while that of uhlcriana is more triangular. The supra-anal plate of the female is more obtusely angled but with the apex less rounded than that of uhlcriana. Has been taken ar Waterbury. Probably most of the records under nhlcricuia should be credited to this species. Since this paper was in type, females of Ischnoptera johnsoni Rehn. (intricata Bl.) have been taken in the State. The female is much broader than that of uhleriona and darker in color (piceous). The wings reach only to the second abdominal segment, are narrow, and the inner edges separated by a distance equal to about one-half their breadth ; while in uJileriana the inner edges of the wings of the female meet or slightly overlap. Occurs in shady places under stones and rubbish. New Haven, 14, 19 June (B. H. W.) ; Lyme, 3 July (A. B. Cham- plain) ; Southington, 12 July (W. E. B.) NO. l6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 163 BIBLIOGRAPHY. The following is a list of some of the special papers which will be helpful to any one wishing to study further the Orthoptera. No attempt is made to give a bibliography to meet the needs of the advanced student, as he will necessarily have to consult works containing extensive bibliographies. A list of general works on insects to which the reader may wish to refer is given in the first part of this bulletin, page 14. Beutenmuller, Wm. Description of a New Tree Cricket. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, Vol. II, p. 56. New York, 1894. (CEcanthus pini described from Con- necticut.) Beutenmiiller, Wm. Descriptive Catalogue of the Orthoptera found within Fifty Miles of New York City. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. VI, pp. 253- 316, Figs. 1-15, Plates V-X. New York, 1894. Blatchley, W. S. The Orthoptera of Indiana. Twenty-seventh Annual Report of the Department of Geology and Natural Resources, pp. 123-471, Index, 3 plates, 122 cuts (Author's separate, September, 1903). A descriptive catalogue of the species known to occur in the State. (Contains bibliography.) Britton, W. E. New England Records for Eritettix carinatus and Conocephalus triops Linn. Psyche, Vol. XI, p. 23, 1904. Fernald, C. H. The Orthoptera of New England. 61 pages, 22 figs. Boston, 1888. Hancock, Joseph L. The Tettigidea of North America, vii-j- 188 pp., 11 plates, 13 figs. Chicago, 1902. (Contains bibliography with special reference to the Tettigidea.) Lugger, Otto. The Orthoptera of Minnesota. Third Annual Report of the Entomologist of the State Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota. Pp. 1-296, Figs. 1-187. St. Paul, 1898. 164 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. McNeil, Jerome. Revision of the Truxalinae of North America. Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, VI, pp. 179-274, Plates I-VI. Davenport, Iowa, 1897. Marlatt, C. L. The Principal Household Insects of the United States. Bulletin 4, new series, U. S. Division of Entomology. 130 pp., 64 figs. Washington, 1896. Marlatt, C. L. Cockroaches. Circular 51, second series, U. S. Division of Entomology. 15 pp., 5 figs. Washington, 1902. (Revised reprint from Bulletin 4, new series, Division of Entomology.) Morse, Albert P. A New Species of Stenobothrus from Con- necticut, with remarks on other New England Species. Psyche, Vol. VI, pp. 477-479, Figs. 1-6. Morse, Albert P. A Preliminary List of the Acrididae of New England. Psyche, Vol. VII, pp. 102-108. Morse, Albert P. Notes on the Acrididae of New England. I. Tettiginae. Psyche, 1894, Vol. VII, pp. 147-154, 163-167, Plate 6. II. Tryxalinae. 1896-7, Vol. VII, pp. 323-327, 342-344, 382-384, 402-403, 407-411, 413-422, 443-445, plate 7. III. CEdipodinae. 1897, Vol. VIII, pp. 6-8, 35-37, 50-51, 64-66, 80-82, 87-89, 91-114, Plate 2. IV. Acridinae. 1898, Vol. VIII, pp. 247-248, 255-260, 269-273, 279-282, 292-296, Plate 7. Morse, Albert P. Spharagemon ; A study of the New England Species. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. XXVI, pp. 220-240, Figs. 1-9. Boston, 1894. Morse, Albert P. Revision of the Species of the Genus Sphara- gemon. Psyche, Vol. VII, pp. "287-299, Figs. 1-6. 1895. Scudder, Samuel H. Revision of the Orthopteran Group Melanopli (Acrididae) with Special Reference to North American Forms. Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. XX, pp. 1-421, Plates I-XXVI. Washington, 1897. Scudder, Samuel H. Guide to the Genera and Classification of the North American Orthoptera found North of Mexico. Cambridge, 1897. (Contains a bibliography.) Scudder, Samuel H. The Orthopteran Group Scudderiae. Pro- ceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. XXXIII, No. 15, pp. 271-290, 1 plate. April, 1908. Scudder, Samuel H. Catalogue of the Described Orthoptera of NO. l6.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 165 the United States and Canada. Proceedings of the Daven- port Academy of Natural Sciences, Vol. Ill, pp. i-ioi, Plates I-III. Davenport, Iowa, 1900. Scudder, Samuel H. A List of the Orthoptera of New England. Psyche, Vol. IX, pp. 99-106. Cambridge, 1900. Smith, Sidney I. On the Orthoptera of the State of Maine. Proceedings of the Portland Society of Natural History, Vol. I, pp. 143-151. Portland, 1868. Smith, Sidney I. Report of the Entomologist. Sixth Annual Report of the Connecticut Board of Agriculture, pp. 343- 383. Hartford, 1873. (A discussion of the Orthoptera, with a list of the species which should be found in the state. ) Thomas, Cyrus. Synopsis of the Acrididae of North America. Hayden's Report of the U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories, Vol. V, pp. 1-258, Plate. Washington, 1872. INDEX* abbreviates, 153, 154. Acrididse, 63. Acridinse, 65, 106. aculeata, 45. offinis, 152. agile, 139- alutacea, 108. Amblycorypha, 125, 129. americana (Periplaneta), 58. (Schistocerca), 108. Anaxipha, 161. angustipennis, 156, 158. Anisolabis, 44, 45. Arphia, 86, 88. atlanis, 112, 114, 117. Atlanticus, 140. auricularia, 45, 46. australasise, 58, 59. Bibliography of Insects, 14. Bibliography of Orthoptera, 163. bipunctata, 161. bivittatus, 113, 121. Black beetle, 57. Blatta, 57. Blattella, 54, 56. Blattellinae, 53, 54. Blattidse, 52. bolli, 98, 99. borealis (Gryllotalpa), 149. (Ischnoptera), 162. brachyptera, 73. brevicornis, 72. brevipenne, 137. brevipennis, no. brevipes, 143, 145. Camnula, 87, 92. carinatus, 75. Carolina, 96. carolinus, 151, 152. Ceuthophilus, 142. Chloealtis, 71, 82. Chortophaga, 87. 90. Circotettix, 88, 104. Clinocephalus, 72. 77. Cockroach, American, 58. Australian, 59. German, 56. Oriental, 57. Pennsylvania, 54. collare, var., 97, 98. collare scudderi, 98, 99. collare wyomingianum, 98, 99. collinns, 120. Columbia, 149. continuum, 139. Conocephalinse, 125, 132. Conocephalus, 132. conspersa, 83. Cricket, broad-winged tree, 157. black-sided camel, 146. common field, 154. four-spotted tree, 159. house, 154. marsh ground, 152. narrow-winged tree. 158. northern mole, 149. sand, 150. snowy tree, 157. spotted camel, 145. stone, 142. striped ground, 151. striped tree, 159. two-spotted tree, 161. cristatus, 66. cristatus, var. carinatus, 67. Croton bug, 56. cucullatus, 69. curtipennis, 83. curvicauda, 126, 127. Cyrtophyllus, 131. Decticinae, 125, 140. Diapheromera, 61. Dichromorpha, 72, 76. Dissosteira, 87, 96. domesticus, 153, 154. dorsalis, 141. Earwigs, 44. elegans, 77. Empusa, 50. Encoptolophus, 87, 91. ensiferum, 136, 137. ensiger, 133. Eritettix, 71, 74. Euplexoptera, 44. exclamationis, 156, 158. exigua, 162. exiliscanorus, 133, 134- fasciatum, 136, 137. * In this Index, specific names begin with small letters. Synonyms are in italics. i68 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. fasciatus (Melanoplus), 112, 114, 119. (Nemobius), 151. (CEcanthus), 156, 159- femorata, 62. femur- rubrum, 112, 114, 118. fenestralis, 103. floridana, 123. Forficula, 44, 45- Forficulidae 44. furcata, 126, 128. germanica, 56. glaberrimum, 138, 139. gracilipes, 142, 143. grandis, 142, 144. granulatus, 67, 68. Grasshopper, common meadow, 139. short-winged meadow, 137. slender meadow, 137. grylli, 50. Gryllidae, 63, 147- Gryllinae, 148, 150. Gryllotalpa, 149. Gryllotalpinae, 148, 149. Gryllus, 151, 153- herbaceum, 138, 139. Hesperotettix, 107, no. Hippiscus, 87, 93. Insects, abundance of, 16. classification of, 34- distinguishing characters of, 26. distribution of, 19. economic status of, 21. habits and haunts of, 17. life zones in reference to, 19- methods of control of, 23. structure of, 27. intricata, 162. Ischnoptera, 54, 162. johnsoni, 162. Katydid, broad-winged, 131. curved-tail, 127. forked-tail, 128. oblong-leaf-winged, 130. round-winged, 130. Texas, 126. true, 131. Key distinguishing insects from other animals, 26. Key to the orders of insects, 34. Key to the suborders of Orthop- Key to the families of Orthop- tera, 52, 63. Labia, 45, 46- latens, 143, 146. latipennis, 156, 157. Leucophaea, 53. lineatus, 85. Locust, American, 108. Boll's, 99- Carolina, 96. clear-winged, 92. clouded, 92. coral-winged, 94. green-striped, 90. grizzly, 122. grouse, 65. hooded grouse, 69. leather-colored, 108. lesser migratory, 117. long-horned, 103. red-legged, 118. rusty, 109. Scudders short-winged, 116. short-horned, 72. short-winged brown, 83. short-winged green, 76. sulphur-winged, 89. yellow-striped, 121. locustarum, 51. Locustidae, 63, 123. luridus, 112, 115, 120. maculatusj I43> J 45- mancus, 112, 113, »5- Mantidae, 52, 59. Mantis, 60. Mantis, Chinese, 60. European praying, 60. maritima (Anisolabis), (Trimerotropis), 104. marmorata, 101. Mecostethus, 72, 84. Melanoplus, 107, III. mexicana, 53. minor (Labia), 47- (Melanoplus), 112, 115, H9- neglectus, 143, H7- Nemobius, 151. nigricornis, 159. niveus, 156, 157. Nomotettix, 65, 66. Non-Saltatoria, 52. Nyctibora, 53, oblongifolia, 130. (Ecanthinae, 148, 155- (Ecanthus, 155. (Edipodinae, 65, 86. olivacea, 79. 81. Orchelimum, 132, 138. orientalis, 57. ornatus, 67. Orphulella, J2, 78. Orthoptera, 48. pachymerus, 141. No. 16.] ORTHOPTERA OF CONNECTICUT. 169 pallidipes, 143, 146. palustris, 151, 152. Panchlora, 53. Paratettix, 66, 69. Paroxya, 107, 122. parvipennis, 70. parvipennis pennata, 70. pelidna, 79. pellucida, 92. pennsylvanica, 54. pennsylvanicus, i$3, 154. Periplaneta, 57, 58. Periplanetinae, 53, 57. perspicillatus, 131. Phaneropterinae, 124, 125. Phasmidae, 52, 61. pini, 156, 160. pistillata, 126, 128. platypterus, 85, 86. poeyi, 53. Pseudophyllinae, 124, 131. Pseudopomala, 71, 73. Psinidia, 88, 102. pulchella, 45, 46. punctulatus, 113, 122. quadripunctatus, 156, 159. religiosa, 60. robustus, 133, 135. rotundifolia, 130. rubiginosa, 108, 109. rugosus, 94, 95. Saltatoria, 52, 62. Saxatile, 98, 100. Schistocerca, 106, 107. Scirtetica, 87, 101. scudderi, 112, 113, 116. Scndderia, 125. septentrionalis, 126, 129. sinensis, 60. sordidus, 92. speciosa, 79, 80. Spharagemon, 87, 97. Stenobothrus, 72, 83. Stenopelmatinae, 125, 142. sulphurea, 89. surinamensis, 53. Sword-bearer, 133. Tenodera, 60. terminalis, 150. terrestris, 143, 144. texensis, 126. Tettigidea, 65, 70. Tettiginae, 64, 65. Tettix, 66, 67. triangularis, 67. Tridactylus, 149, 150. Trigonidiinae, 148, 161. Trimerotropis, 88, 103. triops, 133, 135. Trombidium, 51. Tryxalinae, 65, 71. Tryxalis, 71, 72. tuberculatus, 94. uhleriana, 54, 55, 162. verruculatus, 105. viridifasciata, 90. viridis, 76. vulgare, 138, 139. Walking-stick, 61. northern, 62. Water bug, 56. Xabea, 155, 161. xanthoptera, 89, 90. Xiphidium, 132, 136. PLATE I. Eggs of Insects. All natural size. i. Eggs of Lace-wing or Golden-eye, Chrysopa oculata Say. 2. " Luna moth, Tropcea luna Linn. 3. " Squash bug, Anasa tristis DeGeer. 4. " Peach saw-fly, Pamphilius persicum MacG. 5. " Rose aphis, Nectarophora rosce Linn. 6. " Senator moth. Anisota sanitaria S. & A. 7. " Pall canker-worm, Alsophila pometaria Harris. 8. " Giant water hug. Belostoma (or Benacus). 9. "' '* Variegated cut-worm moth, Peridroma sancia Hiibn. Prr.i; and Cocoons of Insects. Natural size except where otherwise stated. 10. Cocoon of Promethea moth, Callosamia promethea Drurv. Pupa of Southern tobacco worm, Phlegethontius sextus Johans. Pupa of Northern tobacco worm. Phlegethontius quinque- inaculatus Haw. Cocoon of Mourning-cloak butterfly, Euvanessa antiopa Linn. Cocoon of Chain-dotted geometer moth, Cingilia catenaria Drurv. Pupa of a Syrphid fly, Baccha fascipennis Wied. (Twice natural size.) Pupa of a long-horned beetle, Orthosoma brunneum Forst. 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 Plate la Plate lb PLATE II. Larwe (caterpillars and grubs) of [nsects. All natural size. Larva of a Xotodontid moth. . Ipatalodes torrefacta S. & A. " Abbott sphinx. Sphecodina abbotii Swains. " Elm-tree sphinx. Ceratomia amyntor Geyer. " a long-horned beetle, Orthosoma brunneum Forst. " a scarab beetle, Ligyrus relictus Say. i 2 3 4 Plate II PLATE III ODONATA. i. TEschna constricta Say. 15. 2. Libcllula pulcJicIla Drury. 3. Perithemis domitia Drury. [6. 4. Caloptcry.v maculata P. 17. Beauv. 18. ;. Cclithcmis elisa I [aeren. XEUROPTERA. Chauliodes pecticomis Linn. Corydalis cornutus Latr. Chrysopa oculata Say. Myrmeleon immacidatus De <",. ORTHOPTERA. 6. Diapheromera femorata Say. [9 /• Melanoplus femur-rubrum 20 De G. 21 8. Melanoplus bivittatus Say. 22 9- CEcanthus nigricornis Walk. 23 10. Scuddcria furcata Brunn. -'4 11. Dissostcira Carolina Linn. 12. Tettigidea parvipennis 25 Harris. 26. i3- Gryllns abbreviatus, var. ^7 luctuosus Serv. 28, 14- Ischnoptera pcnnsxlvanica De G. HEMIPTERA. Benacus griseus Say. Gerris remigis Say. . ///(/.s"(? tristis De G. Eulecanium corni Bouche. Brochymena quadripustu- lata Fabr. Euschistus variolarius P. Beauv. Ceresa hit ha! us Eabr. Gypona Uavilineata Pitch. Calocoris rapid us Say. Cicada canicular is Harris. Plate III 1 $ OOQNIVYK- Dratymttves • \ x/ •" 8 I 7/ 12 ' J 10 I 13 B H QRTttQPTER A- Cockroaches, Grasshoppers, Crickets -f ^ - 15 ! 17 NEUROPTERfVDobsons, Lace-wmas, M-ttons t 2 2 W 24* 21 20 T 25 26 27 28 HEWWPTER hr Bvj^s,Lc(x\-V\oppers,Koh\ds,Sca\e-'insecfe PLATE IV LEPIDOPTERA. i 2 3 4 5 6 Atrytone hobomok Cercyonis alope Fabr. Anosia plexippus Linn. Argvnnis cybele Fabr. Chrysophanns thoe Boisd Strymon (Thecla) tit us Fabr. BUTTERFLIES Jiarr. J. 8. 9- Polygonia interrogationis Fabr. Papilio glaucus turnus Linn. Vanessa huntera Fabr. MOTHS. IO. Melalopha inclusa 1 lubn. [6. II. Phlegethontius s est us Johans. '/• 12. Malacosoma americana I 8. Fabr. 19- 13- Ennomos magnarius 20. Guen. 21 . U- Mesoleuca lacustrata 22. Guen. 23- is- Pc//'(/ protis messoria Harris. 24. Sabulodes transversata Drury. Hadena arctica Boisd. Hemaris gracilis G. & R. Noctua c-nigrum Linn. Halisidota carycu Harris. A pant c sis nais Drury. Catocala unijuga Walk. Sainia cecropia Linn. . lutomeris io Fabr. Bu-Wev^Ues LLP\DOPTER/\ PLATE V 3- 4- 5- 6. 16. i/- 18. 20. 21. 22. *3- 24. 33- 34- 35- 36. 37- 38. DIPTERA. Dasyllis grossa Fabr. 7 (tergissa Say). 8 Proctacanthus philadel- 9 phicus Macq. 10 Tipula abdomiiialis Say. 11 Chrysopila thoracica 12 Fabr. 13 Tabanus at rat us Fabr. 14 Exoprosopa fasciata Macq. 15 Mu sea domestica Linn. Psorophora ciliata Fabr. Poll cnia r it dis Fabr. Tabanus lineola Fabr. Eristalis tcna.v Linn. Syrphus tonus O. S. Spilomyia fuse a Loew. Calliphora erythrocephala Meig. Echinomyia algens Wied. COLEOPTERA. Dytiscus verticalis Say. 25. Euphoria inda Linn. Lar/z nosterna fraterna Harris. Calosoma scrutator Fabr. Copris anaglypticus Say. Alans oculatus Linn. Staphylinns maculosus Grav. Orthosoma brunneum Forst. Leptinotarsa d c can -li il- ea t a Say. Necrophorus aiucricanus Oliv. -'5- 26. -V- 28. 29. 3°- 3i- 32. Osmoderma scabra P. Beauv. Crioceris duodecim-punc- tata Linn. Parandra bruunnca Fabr. S a per da Candida Fabr. Cicindela formosa, var, generosa Dej. Blepharida rhois Forst. Chalcophora virginiensis Dru. HYMEXOPTERA. Cimbex americana Leach. 39. Sphecins speciosus Drn. 40. T rem ex columba Linn. Camponotus pennsylvani- 41. n/s De G. Pclccinus polyturator 42. De G. ' 43- Sphex ichneunionia Linn. ^f/>/'^ mellifera Linn. Psilomastix exesorius Brulle. Polistes pallipes Lepele- tier. / Y.f/w diabolica Saus. Bombus pennsylvanicus De G. Plate Y ■ ^ Vn A 7 3 8 * i 10 11 12 13 1+ 15 D1PTERK- FVves, Moso^uUoes i 17 * 19 ^16 f 21 "^ 16 | 23 f I 20 I 24 25 22 27 i 26 26 29 * 31 30 32 COLEOPTLRPv- Beeves 33 t * 36 37 U 34 i 35 /f 38 I 33 40 ' 41 4-2 4^ PLATE VI. i. Tenodera sinensis Saussure, Male. 2. Egg-mass of T. sinensis Saussure. 3. Mantis religiosa Linnaeus (after Slingerland) 4. Cyrtophyllus perspicillatus Linnaeus, Male. Plate VI FIG. 3 PLATE VII. i Anisolabis maritima Bonnell. 2. Ischnoptera pennsylvanica De Gecr. Male. 3. Blattella germanica Linnaeus, Male. 4. Blatta oriental is Linnaeus, Male. 5. Periplaneta americana Linnaeus, Male. 6. Ootheca or egg case of a cockroach. 7. Diapheromera femorata Say, Female. 8. Nomotettix cristatus Scudder, Female. 9. Tettix ornatus Say. Female. 10. Tettigidea parvipennis Harris, Female. 11. Pseudopomala brachyptera Scudder, Female. 12. Try.valis brevicomis Linnaeus, Female. PLATE VIII. i. Dichromorpha viridis Scudder, Female. 2. Orphulella speciosa Scudder, Female. 3. Chlocaltis conspersa Harris. Male. 4. Stenobothrus curtipennis Harris, Male. 5. Arphia xanthoptera Germar, Male. (). Chortophaga viridifasciata De Geer, Female. 7. Camnula pellucida Scudder, Female. 8. Hippiscus tuberculatus Palisot de Beauvois, Female. 9. Hippiscus tuberculatus Palisot de Beauvois, Male. 10. Scirtetica marmorata Harris. Female. 11. Circotctti.v verruculatus Kirbv, Male. PLATE IX. i. Dissostcira Carolina Linnaeus, Female. i. Spharagemon bolli Scndder, Female. Trimerotropis maritima. Harris, Female. Schistoccrca americana Drury, Female. SchistocercQ alutacea I [arris. Female. 6. Schistoccrca rubiginosa Harris, Male. Melanoplus scudderi Uhlcr, Female. 8. Melanoplus femur-rubrum l)c (ieer, Female .- / Plate IX PLATE X. i. Melanoplus attains Riley, Female. 2. Melanoplus bivittatus Say. Female. 3. Paroxxa Horidana Thomas, Female. 4. Scudderia curvicauda De Geer, Male. 5. Amblycorypha oblongifolia De Geer, Male. 6. Conocephalus ensiger Harris. Female. 7. Conocephalus robust us Scudder, Male. 8. Conocephalus triops Linnaeus, Female, q. Xiphidium fasciatum De Geer. Male. PLATE XI. i. Orchelimum vulgare Harris, Female. 2. Atlanticus pachymerus Burmeister, Male. 3. Ceutophilas. 4. Gryllotalpa borealis Burmeister, Male. 5. Tridactylus terminalis I Filler. 6. Nemobius fasciatus De Geer, Female. 7. Nemobius fasciatus De Geer, Male. 8. Gryllus abbreviatus Serville, Female (form luctuosus) 9. CEcanthus angustipennis Fitch, Male. 10. CEcanthus angustipennis Fitch, Female. 11. CEcanthus fasciatus Fitch, Female. State of Connecticut FOURTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OP THE State Geological and Natural History Survey 1909-1910 Bulletin No. 17 State of Connecticut. PUBLIC DOCUMENT NO. 47 State Geological and Natural History Survey COMMISSIONERS Frank Bentley Weeks, Governor of Connecticut (Chairman) Arthur Twining Hadley, President of Yale University William Arnold Shanklin, President of Wesleyan University Flavel Sweeten Luther, President of Trinity College (Secretary) Charles Lewis Beach, President of Connecticut Agricultural College SUPERINTENDENT William North Rice Bulletin No. 17 Hartford Published by the State 1910 Publication Approved by The Board of Control. Press of The Case, Lockwood A Brainard Company FOURTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF THE State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut 1909-1910 LIBRARY NEW YORK botanic* t QAKOE* Hartford Published by the State 1910 Hartford, Conn., December 31, 191 o. His Excellency, Frank B. Weeks, Governor of Connecticut, Hartford, Connecticut. Sir: — I have the honor to transmit to you herewith, in behalf of the Connecticut Geological and Natural History Survey Com- mission, the report of the Superintendent of the work, covering the period of two years ending December 31, 1910. Very respectfully, FLAVEL S. LUTHER, Secretary of the Commission. STATE GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY FOURTH BIENNIAL REPORT SCOPE AND PLAN OF THE SURVEY There has been no change in the general scope and plan of the Survey since its first organization. It may, however, be con- venient briefly to recapitulate what has been said thereon in former reports. The Survey was established by an act approved June 3, 1903. That act proposed for the Survey two subjects for investigation ; viz., the geology of the state, and the natural history, or botany and zoology, of the state. It has been pre- sumed to be the intent of the law that the appropriation should be divided with some approach to equality between geology and biology*. The law establishing the Survey proposes definitely three aims with reference to which the work should be prose- cuted : — first, the purely scientific aim of advancing our knowl- edge of the geology and natural history of the state; second, the economic aim of leading to the most effective conservation and utilization of the resources of the state ; third, the educa- tional aim of promoting the work of the schools of the state by the publication of the results of investigation in a form adapted for the use of teachers. The plan of organization which was outlined in the first re- port has been retained. Only one salaried officer has been ap- pointed by the Commissioners; viz., the Superintendent. Other scientific men have been engaged to investigate particular sub- jects and prepare reports or bulletins thereon. In the great majority of cases, the terms of contract with these scientific men have been that the investigator should receive a certain sum as compensation when the bulletin presented was accepted by the Superintendent, and that a certain allowance should also be made for the expenses of the work, the allotment for expenses to be drawn upon from time to time as the expenses were actually CO 8 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HISTORY SURVEY [Bull. incurred. This allowance for expenses has been understood to be available for necessary travel, for the employment of steno- graphic or other clerical assistance, or for the employment of students or scientific men of less experience who could do some part of the work under the direction of the responsible investi- gator. In some cases, however, this form of contract has been impracticable, as investigations have been commenced and prose- cuted in regard to which it could not be foreseen how soon they would result in conclusions definite enough for publication. In such cases the agreement has been to pay the investigator a small sum per diem, a maximum limit being prescribed in every such case. Each report prepared is published as a separate bulletin, the bulletins being numbered consecutively, generally in the order in which they are received. Each bulletin bears the name of the author or the names of the authors, and each author is responsible for his own work. The bulletins are issued in paper covers, but a part of the edition is reserved for binding. Bulle- tins i to 5 have been bound as Vol. I., and Bulletins 6 to 12 as Vol. II. It is expected that Bulletins 13 to 17 will constitute Vol. III. The bound volumes are especially desirable for public libra- ries and similar institutions, in which complete sets of our pub- lications are to be preserved. The pamphlet form, in which each bulletin is complete in itself, is convenient for the large number of students, teachers, and others who have use for some particular bulletin. The publications of the Survey are distrib- uted by the State Librarian. They are given liberally to colleges, public libraries, geological surveys, and other scientific institu- tions, and to scientific men of repute in the branches of science with which the respective bulletins are concerned. In many cases publications of great value are received in exchange for the pub- lications of the Survey. All books and papers thus received are deposited in the State Library. The publications of the Survey are also distributed liberally to citizens of our own state, par- ticularly to teachers who can make use of them in their work. In the case of persons in other states who are not known as scientific men, and who appear to have no special claim for the donation of the publications of the Survey, the bulletins are sold at prices sufficient to cover the cost of printing and transportation. No. 17] FOURTH BIENNIAL REPORT 9 BULLETINS ALREADY PUBLISHED The three previous biennial reports of the Commissioners are numbered respectively in the series as I, 9, and 12. Four bulletins on scientific subjects were published between the dates of publication of the first and the second biennial re- port. These were the following : — No. 2. A Preliminary Report on the Protozoa of the Fresh Waters of Connecticut: by Herbert William Conn. No. 3. A Preliminary Report on the Hymeniales of Con- necticut: by Edward Albert White. No. 4. The Clays and Clay Industries of Connecticut: by Gerald Francis Loughlin. No. 5. The Ustilagineae, or Smuts, of Connecticut: by George Perkins Clinton. Five bulletins were published between the dates of publication of the second and the third biennial report. These were the following : — No. 6. Manual of the Geology of Connecticut: by William North Rice and Herbert Ernest Gregory. No. 7. Preliminary Geological Map of Connecticut: by Herbert Ernest Gregory, and Henry Hollister Robinson. No. 8. Bibliography of Connecticut Geology: by Herbert Ernest Gregory. No. 10. A Preliminary Report on the Algae of the Fresh Waters of Connecticut: by Herbert William Conn and Lucia Washburn (Hazen) Webster. No. 11. The Bryophytes of Connecticut: by Alexander Wil- liam Evans and George Elwood Nichols. Two bulletins have been published since the date of pub- lication of the third biennial report. These are the following : — No. 14. Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of Connecticut, growing without cultivation: by Charles Burr Graves, Edwin Hubert Eames, Charles Humphrey Bissell, Luman Andrews, Edgar Burton Harger, and Charles Alfred Weatherby, Committee of the Connecticut Botanical Societv. No. 15. Second Report on the Hymeniales of Connecticut: by Edward Albert White, Professor of Floriculture in Massa- chusetts Agricultural College. The Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Ferns is, partic- ularly from an educational point of view, one of the most 10 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HISTORY SURVEY [Bull. important bulletins the Survey has published. The Connecticut Botanical Society includes about one hundred members, some of them professional botanists, others amateur students of the science. For a number of years the members of this Society have given a great deal of time to the collection and study of the flowering plants and ferns of the state, and the work of the various members has been carefully collated by a Committee whose names are given above in the title of the bulletin. Soon after the organization of the Geological and Natural History Survey, the Superintendent of the Survey learned of the pro- posed work of the Connecticut Botanical Society, and invited them to offer the Catalogue, when completed, to be published as a bulletin of the Survey. The entire work has been a labor of love on the part of the members of the Committee and many of their associates. The Surrey has paid three hundred dollars for incidental expenses, but no compensation has been received by any of the workers. The completed work makes a book of five hundred and sixty-nine pages. It gives a list complete, accord- ing to present knowledge, of the flowering plants and ferns (including the closely allied club mosses and scouring rushes) growing without cultivation within the limits of the state. The scientific names adopted for the respective plants, are, in general, the same which are used in the Seventh Edition of Gray's Man- ual, a book which is widely accepted as a standard in the schools. While no attempt has been made to give a complete record of synonyms, the names which have been in somewhat general use are given as a matter of convenience. English names of the different species are very fully given, including, so far as known, the often whimsical names in use in particular localities or among particular classes of people. Full information is given in regard to the distribution of the plants over the state. In the case of rare species, and species local or peculiar in distribution, par- ticular localities are mentioned with the names of the collectors. Attention is called to all plants having important economic re- lations, both those which are useful, and those which are injurious. Analytical keys and descriptions are not included in the work, since the Seventh Edition of Gray's Manual is readily accessible and cheap, and will doubtless be in the hands of almost everyone who would wish to use this book. In the introduction is given an interesting history of botanical work in the state from the earliest No. 17] FOURTH BIENNIAL REPORT II days ; and in an appendix is included a statistical summary of the plants of Connecticut. The work of Professor White on the Hymeniales is a sup- plement to the Preliminary Report on the Hymeniales by the same author, published in 1905, as Bulletin No. 3. The plants treated in these two reports are the fleshy and woody fungi, some of which are edible mushrooms, while others are ex- tremely poisonous. The present bulletin consists of three parts. The first part gives analytical keys for the discrimination of the species of the Agaricacese — the most important family of the group, and the one which includes most of the edible species. The second part gives detailed descriptions of some of the edible species of mushrooms. The third part gives a list of all the species of Hymeniales which have been discovered in the state since the publication of the former Bulletin. Both of these bulletins are illustrated with beautiful plates, exhibiting the aspect of many of the species, from original photographs by the author. The study of mushrooms has been very popular in recent years, and Professor White's former bulletin has attracted much at- tention. Doubtless all who have found the former bulletin use- ful will want to avail themselves of the present supplementary report. BULLETINS IN PRESS Two Bulletins are passing through the press at the date of the present report. These are the following : — No. 13. The Lithology of Connecticut: by Joseph Barrell, Professor of Structural Geology in Yale University, and Gerald Francis Loughlin, Instructor in Geology in Massachusetts Insti- tute of Technology. No. 16. Guide to the Insects of Connecticut : prepared under the direction of Wilton Everett Britton, State Entomologist, and Entomologist of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. Part I. General Introduction : by Wilton Everett Britton. Part II. The Euplexoptera and Orthoptera of Connecticut: by Ben- jamin Hovey Walden, Assistant in Entomology, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. The bulletin on the Lithology of Connecticut includes a gen- eral introduction to lithology by Professor Barrell, and a special description of forty-one typical rocks from Connecticut localities by Dr. Loughlin. In the general part of the work, lithology is 12 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HISTORY SURVEY [Bull. treated in relation to mineralogy and dynamical geology, so that the student may learn somewhat of the agencies by which the different types of rocks are produced, as well as their composi- tion and characteristic aspect. Both in the general and the special part of the work attention is given chiefly to those charac- teristics of rocks which can be recognized by the naked eye or by the simple microscope, with comparatively little reference to the phenomena which can be observed only by the examina- tion of thin sections under the compound polarizing microscope. This limitation in the treatment of the subject renders the work adapted to the use of comparatively elementary students. The usefulness of the work in the high schools and other institutions in the state will be greatly enhanced by the distribution to those institutions of suites of specimens of rocks from the typical localities described in the special part of the paper. These specimens were for the most part collected in the summers of 1905 and 1906. They will be distributed, as soon as the bulletin is published, to colleges, normal schools, high schools, and acad- emies in the state, on condition that the respective institutions shall pay the cost of transportation. Any suites of specimens remain- ing in the possession of the Survey after such distribution may be sold and the money paid into the treasury of the state. The bulletin on the Insects of Connecticut forms the begin- ning of a series of papers on that class of animals, whose pub- lication may be distributed through a considerable number of years. It is needless to comment on the economic importance of the class of insects, many insects being among the worst enemies of the agriculturist, while others, insectivorous or par- asitic in habit, tend to hold in check the destroyers of agricultural products. The various parts of the work will be written by specialists on various groups, under the general direction of Doctor Britton. The present bulletin includes two parts of the proposed work. Part I. gives a brief outline of the general characters of insects and their relations to other allied groups of animals, the classification of the group, and their economic re- lations. In Part II., Mr. Walden gives a catalogue, with analyt- ical keys, of the two orders, Euplexoptera and Orthoptera. The former order is a small and comparatively insignificant one, including the insects commonly called earwigs. By many ento- mologists the Euplexoptera have been regarded as merely a N a ij] FOURTH BIENNIAL REPORT 1 3 subdivision of the Orthoptera. The Orthoptera constitute a larger and more important order, including, besides some less familiar forms, the cockroaches, the locusts and grasshoppers, the katydids, and the crickets. The mere mention of the names, locust and grasshopper, is enough to suggest the importance of the economic relations of the Orthoptera. Part I. of this bulletin is illustrated by a series of plates, representing typical examples of all the principal orders of insects. Part II. is illustrated by a number of plates from photographs of entire insects represent- ing different groups of Orthoptera, and by numerous figures in the text from drawings of diagnostic parts of the anatomy of various families and genera. BULLETINS ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION. The following Bulletins have been accepted for publication : — Guide to the Insects of Connecticut: prepared under the direction of Wilton Everett Britton, State Entomologist, and Entomologist of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion. Part III. Hymenoptera of Connecticut: by Henry Lorenz Viereck, of the United States National Museum. The Triassic Fishes of Connecticut: by Charles Rochester Eastman, Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. The Echinoderms of Connecticut: by Wesley Roswell Coe, Professor of Biology in Yale University. Drainage and Glaciation in the Central Housatonic Basin: by Ruth Sawyer Harvey. The Hymenoptera which are treated in the bulletin by Mr. Viereck, form one of the largest and most important of the orders of insects. The marvelous instincts and habits of bees, wasps, and ants have always attracted the interest of thoughtful observers. Many of the Hymenoptera are of very great eco- nomic interest. The bees, by their transportation of pollen from flower to flower, are indispensable for the fertilization and con- sequent propagation of a great many plants. Many of the smaller Hymenoptera, as the ichneumon flies, are parasitic upon other insects, and thus serve to keep in check insects which would otherwise be destructive pests to the agriculturalist. Some of the Hymenoptera, on the other hand, as the saw-flies, are themselves prominent among the destroyers of agricultural products. Mr. 14 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HISTORY SURVEY [Bull. Viereck is himself a specialist on some of the groups of Hymen- optera, and he has also had the aid of a number of collaborators who are specialists on other groups of this large and varied order. The writers, who have contributed chapters to the work, are the following : — Alexander Dyer MacGillivray, Assistant Professor of Entomology and Invertebrate Zoology in Cornell University ; Charles Thomas Brues, Curator of Invertebrate Zool- ogy, Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wis. ; William Morton Wheeler, Professor of Economic Entomology in Harvard University. The bulletin on the Triassic Fishes, by Dr. Eastman, is a very important contribution to the paleontology of the state. The area of Connecticut is by no means rich in fossils. The crys- talline rocks of the eastern and western highlands have proved as yet utterly barren of fossils. Whatever fossils some of these rocks may have once contained have been entirely obliterated by the processes of metamorphism. The Triassic formation of the Connecticut Valley has . afforded scarcely any fossils, excepting tracks of reptiles and amphibians on some of the beds, and re- mains of fishes and a few species of plants in two or three thin strata of black shale intercalated among the red shales and sand- stones. The scantiness of fossils in this formation has made difficult the determination of its geological age. Dr. Eastman has made a very careful study of all the important collections of the fossil fishes of this formation. He has been able thus to make a more exact determination of some features of the anatomy of the animals than has been made before. He has also made comparisons of the fish fauna of our Connecticut beds with the fish faunas of other Triassic formations in various parts of the world. This comparison leads him to the opinion that the age of our Connecticut formation corresponds most nearly, not with the uppermost European Trias (Keuper or Rhsetic), but rather with a somewhat lower horizon, near the boundary between the Muschelkalk and the Keuper. The bulletin by Professor Coe on the Echinoderms of Con- necticut will be the first paper which the Survey has published on the marine zoology of the State. The echinoderms include the creatures commonly called sea-urchins and starfishes. Though not a large class as regards the number of species, the echinoderms are an interesting group. They are among the marine animals No. 17] FOURTH BIENNIAL REPORT 15 which are large and conspicuous, and most of them have skel- etons which are readily preserved. They are accordingly among the forms which attract the attention of visitors to the shore. Professor Coe's full descriptions of our species will be useful to teachers, particularly in the towns along the coast, where the pupils may easily become acquainted with these animals. One genus of the echinoderms, the common starfish, is of great economic interest, since it is one of the most destructive enemies of the oyster. Professor Coe has given much attention to the relation of the starfish to the oyster industry. The work is beautifully illustrated with plates showing the aspect of the living animals and others showing their anatomical structure. Miss Harvey's paper on Drainage and Glaciation in the Central Housatonic Basin is a study of the changes in drainage as the result of the events of the Glacial period. It was pre- sented as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Yale University. It is the first instalment of a series of bulletins bearing on the general subject of the Quaternary geology of the state. WORK STILL IN PROGRESS /. Geology The geological investigations now in progress relate chiefly to surface geology, or the study of the phenomena connected with the work of the great ice sheet of the Glacial period. For more than a generation geologists have recognized that the man- tle of heterogeneous and unstratified drift covering most of New England and the adjacent country is essentially the ground moraine of a continental glacier; that the widely scattered smooth, polished, and striated rock surfaces are the result of erosion by such a continental glacier; and that the stratified de- posits in the river valleys consist of the debris transported by the glacier, sorted and redistributed by the action of water. But it is within a comparatively few years that a more thorough and detailed study has been given to these glacial phenomena. Of the comparatively small amount of study that has been given to the glacial geology of Connecticut, a considerable part has been vitiated by preconceptions now known to be erroneous, leading to false interpretations of observed facts, and preventing due appreciation of phenomena which might have been observed. l6 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HISTORY SURVEY [Bull. There is need of a large amount of new study before the true history of the glacial and aqueo-glacial formations of the state can be determined. Dr. F. P. Gulliver of Norwich has been at work for some time on a detailed study of the terraces bordering the estuary of the Thame's. These shelves of stratified sand and gravel at a considerable elevation above the present level of the river have been supposed to be remnants of a great plain of sand and gravel which was once substantially continuous across the valley, and which was formed, after the retreat of the ice from the portion of the valley in question, by deposition in the waters of the river, whose velocity was at that time feeble by reason of dimin- ished slope and excessive load of sediment. A number of years ago Dr. Gulliver published a preliminary paper on the terraces of the Thames, in which he gave reasons for the belief that those terraces were formed on the edges of the valley while a tongue of ice still lingered in the central part. Various students have shown reasons for a similar belief as regards the terraces in the lower or estuarine portions of other rivers of the North Atlantic slope. The study of these terraces is therefore of great interest in the endeavor to trace out the detailed history of the later stages of the ice age. Dr. Gulliver has accordingly undertaken to make a more detailed survey of the terraces of the Thames River, and to furnish the result for publication as a bulletin of the State Survey. Numerous other problems present themselves in the detailed study of the glacial geology of this region. Studies of the glacial formations in the Mississippi Valley, in northern Europe, and in the Alpine region, have clearly revealed the fact that the Glacial period was more complex than was formerly supposed. There were repeated alternations of rigor and mildness in the cli- mate in accordance with which the great ice sheets alternately ad- vanced and retreated. The deposits of earlier ice sheets can be recognized in some regions, emerging from beneath the edge of the later deposits, while in some localities stratified and fossilifer- ous interglacial deposits can be recognized between the older and the younger glacial formations. In New England the latest ad- vance of the ice sheet extended beyond the shore line, and it has been generally supposed that the latest ice invasion so thoroughly No. 17] FOURTH BIENNIAL REPORT IJ disturbed all deposits of the earlier ice sheets, as to leave no recog- nizable remains of them. There is need, however, of thorough study of precisely this question. There is need also of careful examination for the purpose of tracing in more detail the history of successive stages in the final recession of the ice sheet. During the summer of 1907 Professor H. E. Gregory of Yale University devoted considerable time to field work in the study of the Glacial formations of the state. As a preliminary result of this study, a bulletin on the Glacial phenomena of the Naugatuck Valley will be ready at an early date. In the Geological Map of Connecticut, which was published as Bulletin No. 7, surface geology was en- tirely ignored, the map representing only the bed rocks which lie beneath the mantle of drift. It is expected that Professor Greg- ory's work will result eventually in the preparation of another general map of the state showing the surface geology, and a vol- ume of text tracing with some approach to completeness the history of the Glacial period in our state. Dr. Freeman Ward of Yale University has been engaged a part of the time for two summers in special studies of the glacial geology of the New Haven region. It is expected that he will present, at an early date, a paper on that locality, while his work will also contribute material for the general work on the Quater- nary geology of the state which is expected from Professor Gregory. The melting away of the great ice sheet left the surface of Connecticut and of the adjacent country dotted with innumerable lakes and ponds, many of which have already become obliterated. One of the processes which have led to the disappearance of these ponds is the accumulation of the debris of vegetation, con- verting the ponds into peat bogs. The peat is not only of great scientific interest, both to the geologist and to the botanist, but possesses considerable economic importance, having uses as a fuel and as a fertilizer, and being capable also incidentally of employ- ment for various other purposes. Attention has recently been called to the economic value of peat by the investigations of the United States Geological Survey, which have shown its special fitness for use in the gas-producer. It was, therefore, deemed desirable to make a special investigation of the peat de- posits of Connecticut, and this was rendered practicable by the l8 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HISTORY SURVEY [Bull. generous cooperation of the United States Geological Survey. During the summer of 1907 the field work of the investigation was substantially accomplished. The localities of all the impor- tant peat bogs of the state were visited, the area of those bogs was noted, their depth was determined by a sounding apparatus, and samples for analysis were collected from various depths. This work was accomplished by Messrs. E. C. Miller, A.B., and T. T. Giffen, A.B., of Yale University. Professor C. A. Davis of the United States Bureau of Mines, who was employed by the United States Geological Survey in the summer of 1907 for a reconnoissance of the peat deposits of the Atlantic border of the country from Maine to Florida, was permitted by the courtesy of the United States Geological Survey to spend a few days in Connecticut at the beginning of the season of field work. He was able, therefore, to give Messrs. Miller and Giffen the neces- sary instruction in regard to methods of work. The bulletin which is now nearly ready for publication, will contain a general paper on the scientific and economic relations of peat, by Professor Davis, who has made himself eminently an authority on the sub- ject. It will also contain a digest of the notes of Messrs. Miller and Giffen in regard to their field work. A selection of samples collected by Messrs. Miller and Giffen have been analyzed in the laboratory of the United States Geological Survey, and reports of those analyses will be included in the bulletin. The State Survey is very greatly indebted to the liberality of the United States Geological Survey for the all-important assistance of Pro- fessor Davis at the beginning of the investigation, and for the analyses made in the laboratory of the United States Geological Survey. The attention which has recently been given to the scientific and economic relations of peat has brought into notice the valuable work on peat from the chemical standpoint done many years ago by Professor S. W. Johnson, the pioneer in agri- cultural chemistry in this country. Professor Johnson's book is out of print, and his work on peat had been almost forgotten. The forthcoming bulletin will render his important work once more accessible by the republication of the important parts of his book, edited and revised by his friend and pupil, Dr. E. H. Jenkins, Director of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. No. 17] FOURTH BIENNIAL REPORT 19 In commenting on Dr. Eastman's bulletin on the Triassic Fishes, reference has been made to the numerous tracks of rep- tiles and amphibians (the so-called bird tracks) which are almost the only other fossils found in the state. Only a very few bones of the creatures that made these tracks have been discovered. Those few finds, however, have thrown much light on the nature of the animals, which was formerly more or less vaguely guessed at from the tracks. Professor R. S. Lull of Yale University, who published some years ago a very valuable study of the fossil footprints of the Connecticut valley, is continuing the study of those interesting fossils, and will present at an early date a bul- letin in regard to them, which will undoubtedly be the most authoritative work on the subject that has been issued. 77. Botany Dr. G. P. Clinton of the Connecticut Agricultural Experi- ment Station, whose paper on the smuts was published as Bulletin No. 5, has nearly completed a paper on another important group of parasitic fungi, viz., the downy mildews. This group includes a number of parasites destructive to important agricultural prod- ucts, and the bulletin will be therefore an important contribution, to the economic botany of the State. Professor Conn, whose work on the protozoa and algae of the fresh waters of Connecticut has been published as Bulletins 2 and 10, is continuing his study of the microscopic life of the fresh waters by an investigation of the bacteria. The relation of bacteria to public health is so well understood as to make it obvious that a study of the distribution of bacteria in the reser- voirs and other sources of drinking water must be of great im- portance from a practical as well as from a purely scientific point of view. A preliminary report on the bacteria will be presented at an early date. 777. Zoology Probably no work which the Survey has announced as in preparation has been awaited by so many people, in the state,, and out of it, with eager expectation, as the work of Mr. John H. Sage and Dr. Louis B. Bishop on the birds of Connecticut. In their careful studies, continued for many years, a vast amount of information has been recorded in regard to the dates of arrival and departure of our migratory birds, the localities of rare birds* 20 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HISTORY SURVEY [Bull. and the food and habits of the birds. This bulletin will be of interest not only to ornithologists, but also to teachers and farm- ers, and to the multitude of people who have learned to love the birds. The publication of this bulletin will help to correct some erroneous impressions, widely prevalent among farmers, in regard to some of our birds. Many of the birds of prey, for instance, which are commonly regarded as the farmer's foes, are really his friends. In fact, the sharp-shinned hawk, Cooper's hawk, and the great horned owl, are probably the only birds of prey that are in any considerable degree injurious to agriculture in Con- necticut. It is matter of regret that the publication of this bul- letin has been so long delayed, owing to the pressure of other duties and cares which has made it impossible for the authors to give the amount of time necessary for the completion of the work. Happily a very competent editorial assistant has been found in W. P. Bliss, M.A., of the State Bacteriological Laboratory. Mr. Bliss is himself an earnest student of the birds, and his general training has given him an excellent fitness for editorial work. He has been giving a good deal of time to collating and getting into shape for publication the notes of Mr. Sage and Dr. Bishop, and it is now hoped that this very valuable bulletin will be able to be published at an early date. As stated above, two parts of the proposed work on the insects of Connecticut — the general introduction, and the Euplexoptera and Orthoptera — are already in press. The third part, includ- ing the Hymenoptera, has been accepted for publication. A fourth part, taking up the Hemiptera, is now in preparation by specialists under the direction of Dr. W. E. Britton. The Hemip- tera include the insects popularly called bugs, as well as the cycadas, leaf-hoppers, plant-lice, and the lice infesting man and other mammals. They are mostly to be regarded as injurious insects, some of them being formidable destroyers of agricultural products, while others are troublesome parasites of man and of domestic animals. As the completion of the Guide to the Insects of Connecticut will undoubtedly occupy many years, it has been thought that it would be desirable to publish at as early a date as practicable a check-list, giving simply the names of the insects of various orders known to occur in Connecticut. Dr. Britton is at work on the preparation of such a check-list, and it will probably be ready at an early date. No. 17] FOURTH BIENNIAL REPORT 21 A beginning has been made in the preparation of a series of bulletins on the marine zoology of the state. A bulletin on the echinoderms, by Professor W. R. Coe, has already been accepted for publication. Professor A. E. Verrill of Yale University is engaged in the preparation of a bulletin on the Stalk-eyed Crustacea (Decapoda, Cumacea, and Stomatopoda). This group includes the highest in rank, the largest and most conspicuous, and the most important economically, of the Crustacea. Here belong the crabs, lobsters, and shrimps. While several species of the group on our Connecticut coast are of some degree of economic importance, the common lobster is one of the most valuable of the food resources of the sea. Professor Verrill's paper will deal thoroughly with the scientific relations of the animals in question, and, particularly in the case of the lobster, will treat very fully indeed their economic relations. These large and conspicuous Crustacea are exceedingly interesting objects of study, and the work will be of very great value to teachers. It will be profusely illustrated with photographs of entire animals, and drawings of important parts of the anatomy. Next in importance to the groups of Crustacea treated by Pro- fessor Verrill are the amphipods and isopods. Most of these ani- mals are marine, while others, as the wood-lice or sow-bugs, are terrestrial. A bulletin on these forms by Dr. B. W. Kunkel of Yale University is nearly completed. Though less conspicuous than the crabs and lobsters, these animals are large enough to be often collected by visitors to the shore, and a manual of our Connecticut species will be of much use to teachers of zoology in our schools. DISTRIBUTION OF THE APPROPRIATIONS The expenditures for work which has been completed and for which full payment has been made since the last biennial report have been as follows : — Name W N. Rice C. R. Eastman R. S. Harvey Conn. Botanical Soc. E. A. White W. R. Coe Comren- Work sation Expenses Superintendence, 1907-9 $400 $149.56 Triassic Fishes 300 9945' Glacial Geology, Housatonic Basin 25 72.05 Flowering Plants and Ferns 209.61 Fungi 100 44.69 Echinoderms 75 25.00 Compensa- Ex- lion penses $400 $30O 425 825 400 325 325 200 100 50 200 25 650 200 400 625 250 150 250 100 50 22 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HISTORY SURVEY [Bllll. The allotments for work which is still in progress, or for which full payment has not been made, are as follows : — Name Work W. N. Rice Superintendence, 1909-n F. P. Gulliver Thames River Terraces H. E. Gregory Glacial Geology F. Ward Glacial Geology C. A. Davis and others Peat R. S. Lull Fossil Footprints G. P. Clinton Downy Mildews H. W. Conn Fresh-water Bacteria J. H. Sage and L. B. Bishop Birds W. E. Britton and others Insects A. E. Verrill Crustacea B. W. Kunkel Crustacea The small expenditure, in comparison with the quantity and quality of the work, is remarkable. PLANS FOR FUTURE WORK /. Geology It may be said in general that there is need of more detailed study in most parts of the state than has yet been accomplished. The area of the state most thoroughly studied as regards the bed rocks is that of the Triassic formation. The area where detailed work is most lacking as yet is that of the eastern crystallines. The geological work which has been done in much of eastern Connecticut amounts to little more than a reconnoissance. The Manual of Geology, and the Geological Map by which it is sup- plemented, bear most eminently the character not of final reports, but of reports of progress. Their publication was amply justified by the need, on the part of teachers and others, for publications which would set forth in convenient and intelligible form our present knowledge of the geology of the state. But they certainly will require very much of correction in detail. It is, moreover, not unlikely that more detailed study will bring to light facts which will lead to very important changes in the general con- ception of the geological history which is recorded in our rocks. The necessity for more detailed study in various parts of the state is even greater in regard to surface geology than in regard to the geology of the underlying rocks. Professor Gregory and Drs. Gulliver, Ward, and Harvey have made a beginning of such No. 17] FOURTH BIENNIAL REPORT 23 investigation; but a vast amount of careful work must be done before we can reach the true history of the Quaternary era in our territory. A class of geological papers which would be of great educa- tional value would be a series of geological guide-books to various regions of the state. In these guide-books directions sufficiently detailed to be practical should be given for excursions to localities where the most characteristic and instructive geological phenom- ena could be seen. Professor James D. Dana prepared years ago a book fitted to serve this purpose for the vicinity of New Haven; but even for that region there is need of a guide-book brought down to date, as regards both the scientific interpretation of phenomena and the arrangement of the itinerary. A series of such books for various districts of the state would make the study of geology in the high schools more real and genuine than it can otherwise be. A report on the mineralogy of our state would be very useful. Lists of American localities of minerals have been published in a number of editions of the works of J. D. and E. S. Dana on mineralogy, the latest being in the sixth edition of the System of Mineralogy, published in 1892. A list of Connecticut minerals by Hattie E. Cochrane, dated 1894, is contained in the Report of the State Board of Education for 1896. Neither of these lists is by any means complete. Moreover, a report of the mineralogy of the state should be much more than a mere list of minerals occurring in the respective towns. Such a report should give more detailed information in regard to localities of interesting and important minerals, and should enter into some discussion of the geological relations of the minerals. In the introductory chapter of the Manual of Connecticut Geology is found a brief discussion of the physical geography of the state in relation to geological structure. A subject whose treatment in a bulletin or in a series of bulletins would be of great educational value, would be the physical geography of various parts of the state, particularly in relation to human life and history. In such publications the influence of geographic conditions in the location of towns, in the determination of routes of travel, and in the control of the industries of the state, should be discussed. Such bulletin or bulletins on the physical 24 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HISTORY SURVEY [Bull. geography of the state would be of great interest to all intelligent citizens, and particularly to the teachers in our schools. 77. Botany The labors of the Connecticut Botanical Society have given to us a list of the flowering plants of the state, and of the ferns and their allies. This paper affords much information in re- gard to the geographical and topographical distribution of par- ticular species of plants. An appropriate line of investigation, and one in regard to which it may be hoped that the Survey may be able to publish important papers in the future, would be the more extended study of the distribution of plants with reference to altitude, geological formation, distance from the sea, tempera- ture, and rainfall, and the grouping of plants into plant societies in different areas — in short, the study of what is now called the ecology of plants. The systematic botany of the flowering plants has been com- paratively well worked out for this region of country. Much less has been done in regard to the flowerless plants, and par- ticularly in regard to the lower classes of flowerless plants. The paper of Professor Evans and Mr. Nichols on the mosses and liverworts, those of Professor White on the larger fungi, those of Dr. Clinton on the microscopic fungi, and that of Professor Conn and Mrs. Webster on the fresh-water algae, are a good beginning in this direction. But there are a number of groups of the lower flowerless plants for whose study very little material is accessible to students or even to teachers in Connecticut. In- teresting groups which should be treated in future bulletins of the Survey are the lichens and the marine algae. 777. Zoology Professor Conn's paper on the protozoa makes a good be- ginning of the study of the life of our fresh waters. In future years attention should be given to other groups of fresh-water organisms; for instance, the mollusks, worms, Crustacea, and fishes. No general work dealing with the marine fauna of the Con- necticut coast has been published since the very valuable paper by Verrill and Smith on the Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard No. 17] FOURTH BIENNIAL REPORT 25 Sound, published in the Report of the United States Commis- sioner of Fish and Fisheries for 1871-2.* The State Survey has made a beginning of a series of papers on our marine fauna, in the paper of Professor Coe on the echinoderms, already ac- cepted for publication, and the papers of Professor Verrill and Dr. Kunkel on the Crustacea, which are expected to be finished and presented at an early date. Papers on the other groups of marine organisms should follow. Some of these papers would be of very great educational value, while some of them would be important from an economic point of view, since our marine fauna includes some species which are among the important resources of the state, and other species which are destructive of important re- sources. Of the principal orders of insects, the Orthoptera are treated in a bulletin already in press, and the Hymenoptera in one which has been accepted for publication. A bulletin on the Hemiptera is in preparation. Other orders remain to be treated, among which are several of the most numerous in species and most important in economic relations. A bulletin on the birds of Connecticut is soon to appear; but the mammals, reptiles, amphibia, and various groups of terrestrial invertebrates await consideration in future years. ALTERNATIVE PLANS The plans outlined in the preceding paragraphs are for work substantially similar in character to the work which has been done in the previous years of the Survey. The value of such work is largely scientific and educational, though the economic side has been by no means ignored. Two projects, however, for work of more decidedly economic character are at present under consideration by the Commissioners, but have not yet been worked out so definitely as to enable the Commissioners to decide whether it is feasible or expedient to undertake either of them in the immediate future or not. One of these is a soil survey of the state. Such surveys have been prosecuted in many of the states by the Bureau of Soils of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, while in other states such sur- veys have been conducted by Agricultural Experiment Stations * Most of the animals living in Long Island Sound and Fisher's Island Sound are included in the fauna of Vineyard Sound. 26 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HISTORY SURVEY [Bull. or other local organizations. The Commissioners have not reached a positive conclusion on the question whether a soil sur- vey of great utility to the agriculture of the state can be carried out without greater expenditure than is likely to be practicable in the near future. The other project under consideration is a study of the water resources of the state, with a view to the practical question, what measures should be taken for the conservation of such resources. The threatened water famine in some of our large and growing cities emphasizes the importance of this question. If either of these projects should be undertaken, there would be need of a decided increase of the appropriation for the Survey. THE NEED OF FURTHER APPROPRIATIONS. What has already been said in regard to the work accom- plished or in progress and the plans for future work, makes it obvious that the business of the State Geological and Natural History Survey is not rapidly approaching completion. In fact, the State Survey should be recognized as a permanent institu- tion. The Geological Survey of the state of New York was com- menced in 1836. There is at present no organization in the state of New York bearing the title of Geological Survey, but there is a State Geologist who is Director of the Science Division of the Education Department of the state, and on the staff of that Department are a State Botanist, a State Entomologist, and a number of other scientific workers. Under one form of organi- zation or another, the work of investigation of the geology and natural history of New York under the auspices of the state has already been substantially continuous for more than two gener- ations. There is no prospect that it will ever be finished. In a number of states, indeed, Geological Surveys have been organized, prosecuted for a few years, and concluded by the publication of so-called final reports. But there can be no final report on the geology, the botany, or the zoology of any dis- trict of country. In those states whose Geological Surveys have published what have been called final reports, enlightened citi- zens and legislators have sooner or later come to see the neces- sity for organizing a second or third Survey and doing the work over again. The sciences of nature are progressive ; new discover- ies from time to time put old facts in new relations, and raise new No. 17] FOURTH BIENNIAL REPORT 2J questions whose answer requires new methods of investigation. There are changes also in the arts which depend upon the ap- plication of the sciences, as well as in the sciences themselves. New forms of raw material become valuable, new modes of utiliz- ing well-known materials become practicable. On the economic side, as well as on the purely scientific side, arises a necessity that the work of a Survey which had been supposed to be com- pleted should be done over again. If a State Survey is recognized as a permanent bureau, it can publish, from time to time, supplementary reports correcting and amplifying its previous work as may be necessary. It can be ready also to give attention to particular investigations which may have a special importance, for economic or other reasons, at some particular time. Moreover, the work of a Geological and Natural History Survey can be carried on much more economi- cally by the plan of small appropriations maintaining a permanent organization, than by the plan of attempting to complete the work in a few years and then doing it over again a generation later. The experience of our Connecticut Survey illustrates well the economy of this method of procedure. Field work can be done in the summer vacations by college professors, teachers, and others who are willing to do a certain amount of such work for very small compensation. Investigations can be made and bulletins can be written in large degree in odds and ends of time, by men who receive salaries for work in the colleges and schools or in museums and other scientific institutions. Under such conditions men of a high grade of ability and attainment are willing to offer for publication the result of their investigations for merely nominal compensation. The amount of valuable material already published, and the amount which is ready or nearly ready for publication, by our Survey, in comparison with the very small cost, is a striking illustration of the economy of this method of procedure. If, on the other hand, the work of a Survey is to be completed, and final reports presented in a few years, it is generally necessary that a number of competent men should be employed to give practically their whole time to the work. They must be paid salaries which will justify them in resigning any official positions which they may hold and taking their chances of securing other employment when the work of the Survey is finished. 28 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HISTORY SURVEY [Bull. The appropriation for the Connecticut Geological and Natural History Survey is one of the very smallest of those which are made by the states at present maintaining such surveys. North Dakota makes an appropriation somewhat smaller than that of Connecticut. Six states make annual appropriations for geology alone ranging from ten thousand to twenty-eight thousand dol- lars, exclusive of cost of publication, and five others make annual appropriations ranging from ten thousand to fifteen thousand dollars, inclusive of cost of publication. In comparison with an appropriation of ten thousand dollars for geology alone, our appropriation of fifteen hundred dollars for geology, botany, and zoology seems rather small. It is fair, however, to consider that Connecticut is not a large state, and that there is no probability that further geological exploration will develop great mineral wealth or create a great mining industry. If the work of the next few years is to be of the same general character as that of previous years, we are not disposed to urge strenuously a large increase of the appropriation. If, however, it should be deemed expedient, after further consideration, to undertake either a soil survey or a study of the water resources, there would be need, at least temporarily, of a very considerable increase of the appro- priation. In any case we believe that the Survey should be recognized as having passed the experimental stage, and having vindicated its claim to be a permanent establishment. The pres- ent demand is for recognition as a permanent institution, and for adequate provision for the publication of the results of its work. LEGISLATION DESIRED IN REGARD TO PUBLICATION OF BULLETINS The law establishing the Survey made it the duty of the Com- missioners to cause to be prepared a report to the General As- sembly before each meeting of the same, and special reports, with necessary illustrations and maps, on the geology and natural history of the state. It also made it the duty of the Commis- sioners to direct in regard to the sale or distribution of the re- ports, when printed. It imposed upon the Commissioners no responsibility for the printing. It was the obvious intent of the act that the whole of the small appropriation made for the Sur- vey should be devoted to the scientific work of investigation and preparation of the reports. The cost of publication of the reports No. 17] FOURTH BIENNIAL REPORT 20, was to come out of the general funds in the treasury of the state. When the first bulletin of the Survey came to be printed, an unexpected difficulty appeared. The general law in regard to the state printing provides for the printing of not more than 1,575 copies of any public document, except certain reports in regard to which the law specifically provides for a larger edition. But an edition of 1,575 copies is utterly inadequate for the bul- letins in the Survey. It is desired that these bulletins should be, as is customary in the case of similar publications in other states, widely distributed to colleges, scientific institutions, public libra- ries, scientific men, teachers, and others. The editions of similar reports published by other states generally range from 3,000 to 8,000. It is obviously useless to prepare elaborate scientific re- ports, and then print so small an edition as to render it impossible for those reports to reach the persons who would desire to use them. Hence the necessity for some action of the General As- sembly to provide for the printing of the bulletins of the Survey. The editions of bulletins thus far published have ranged between 3,000 and 4,000 copies. The former number seems the minimum number which will permit proper distribution of any of the bulletins likely to be published in the future. Some bulletins are of more popular character than others, and appeal to a wider constituency of readers. The respective numbers of copies deemed necessary to meet the demand which may be reasonably anticipated in the case of the bulletins already accepted for publication but not yet ordered by the Board of Control to be printed, and of those bulletins which are approaching completion and which may be expected to be ready for publication within a few months, are shown in the following table : — Author Subject No. of Copies F. P. Gulliver Thames River Terraces 3000 H. E. Gregory Glacial Geology of Naugatuck Valley 3500 C. A. Davis and others Peat 4000 F. Ward Glacial Geology of New Haven Region 3000 R. S. Harvey Glacial Geology of Housatonic Basin 3000 R. S. Lull Fossil Footprints 3500 Subject No. of Copies Downy Mildews 300O Fresh-water Bacteria 3500 Birds 4500 Hymenoptera and Hemiptera 3500 Check-list of Insects 3500 Stalk-eyed Crustacea 350O Amphipods and Isopods 3000 30 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HISTORY SURVEY [Bull. Author G. P. Clinton H. W. Conn J. H. Sage and L. B. Bishop W. E. Britton and others W. E. Britton A. E. Verrill B. W Kunkel It is needless to remark that the cost of the larger editions, in excess of the number of copies prescribed by the general law, is not great. In ordinary printing, the chief expense is in the composition, and that is the same for a small edition as for a large one. Where there are maps and illustrations, the largest item of cost is the preparation of the plates, and that too is in- dependent of the size of the edition. The first nine of the scien- tific bulletins published by the Survey cost $9,570.90. On the basis of figures given by the printers it appears that the excess r of cost above the 1,575 copies authorized by the general law was only about $3,033. Reference has been made to the fact that the general law limiting the number of copies of public documents to 1,575, specifically provides for larger editions of the reports of certain officers and institutions. For instance, the maximum editions of certain reports, subject in each case to the approval of the Board of Control, are as follows : — state board of education, 6,000 ; bureau of vital statistics, 3,000; state librarian, 2,500; board of agriculture, 5,000; commissioners of fish and game, 3,000; bureau of labor statistics, 15,000; Connecticut agricultural experiment station, 12,000; state board of health, 3,000; factory inspector, 5,000; Storrs agricultural experiment station, 7,000; highway commissioner, 3,500. In each of these cases the Comptroller is authorized to print 575 additional copies for the bound volumes of public documents. It will be noticed that in general the reports of the scientific bureaus of the state are published in larger editions than the merely administrative reports of state officers, for the obvious reason that they should be read or consulted by a much larger number of people. It is obviously reasonable that the State Survey should be treated in the same manner as the other scientific bureaus. No. 17] FOURTH BIENNIAL REPORT 31 In 1907 and again in 1909, the General Assembly authorized the printing of editions of the reports of the State Survey exceed- ing 1,575 copies during the ensuing biennial term, but accom- panied that resolution by a resolution appropriating* a specific sum for such publication, consequently limiting the amount of material which could be published. In the case of the other scientific bureaus above-mentioned, there is no such limitation. The publication of their reports, with the approval of the Board of Control, is made the duty of the Comptroller, and is paid for from the funds in the treasury without any specific appropriation. We accordingly earnestly petition the General Assembly to amend the law in regard to the printing of public documents so as to authorize, in the case of the general and special reports of the State Survey, the printing of such numbers of copies as the Board of Control shall determine, not exceeding 4,500. The Board of Control can surely be trusted to guard against any ex- travagance. Such amendment would only carry out the intent of the act by which the Survey was established. £*l 1 fc State of Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey Bulletin No. 18 TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT By CHARLES ROCHESTER EASTMAN, Ph.D. Professor of Paleontology at the University of Pittsburgh, and Curator in charge of Fossil Fishes at the Carnegie Museum BULLETINS OF THE State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut. 1. First Biennial Report of the Commissioners of the State Geological and Natural History Survey, 1903- 1904. 2. A Preliminary Report on the Protozoa of the Fresh Waters of Connecticut: by Herbert William Conn. 3. A preliminary Report on the Hymeniales of Connecticut : by Edward Albert White. 4. The Clays and Clay Industries of Connecticut: by Gerald Francis Loughlin. 5. The Ustilaginese, or Smuts, of Connecticut: by George Perkins Clinton. 6. Manual of the Geology of Connecticut : by William North Rice and Herbert Ernest Gregory. 7. Preliminary Geological Map of Connecticut: by Herbert Ernest Gregory and Henry Hollister Robinson. 8. Bibliography of Connecticut Geology: by Herbert Ernest Gregory. 9. Second Biennial Report of the Commissioners of the State Geological and Natural History Survey, 1905-1906. 10. A preliminary Report on the Algse of the Fresh Waters of Connecticut: by Herbert William Conn and Lucia Washburn (Hazen) Webster. 11. The Bryophytes of Connecticut: by Alexander William Evans and George Elwood Nichols. ■ 12. Third Biennial Report of the Commissioners of the State Geological and Natural History Survey, 1907-1908. 13. The Lithologv of Connecticut: by Joseph Barrell and Gerald Francis Loughlin. 14. Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and < Ferns of Connecticut growing without cultivation : by a Committee of the Connecticut Botanical Society. [Out of print. 1 15. Second Report on the Hymeniales of Connecticut: bf Edward Albert White. 16. Guide to the Insects of Connecticut: prepared under the direction of Wilton Everett Britton. Part I. General Introduc- tion: by Wilton Everett Britton. Part II. The Euplexoptera and Orthoptera of Connecticut: by Benjamin Hovey Walden. 17. Fourth Biennial Report of the Commissioners of the State Geological and Natural History Survey, 1909-1910. 18. Triassic Fishes of Connecticut: by Charles Rochester Eastman. Bulletins 1, 9, 12, and 17 are merely administrative reports, containing no scientific matter. The other bulletins may be classi- fied as follows: Geology: Bulletins 4, 6, 7, 8, 13, 18. Botany: Bulletins 3, 5, 10, 11, 14, 15. Zoology: Bulletins 2, 16. These bulletins are sold and otherwise distributed by the State Librarian. Postage, when bulletins are sent by mail, is as follows : No. 1, $0.01 ; No. 2, .07 ; No. 3, .08 ; No. 4, .06 ; No. 5, .03 ; No. 6, .12 ; No. 7, .06 ; No. 8, .05 ; No. 9, .02 ; No. 10, .08 ; No. 11, 07 ; No. 12, .02 ; No. 13, .08 : No. 14! ; No. 15, .06 ; No. 16, .07 ; No. 17, .02 ; No. 18, .07. The prices when the bulletins are sold are as follows (including postage) : No. 1, $0.05 ; No. 2, .35 ; No. 3, .40; No. 4, .30; No. 5, .15 ; No. 6, .50; No. 7, .60* ; No. 8, .20; No. 9, .05; No. 10, .35; No. 11,-30; No. 12, .05; No. 13, .40; No. 14! ; No. 15, .35 ; No. 16, .35 ; No. 17, .05 : No. 18, .25. Bulletins 1-5 are bound as Volume I. The price of this volume is $1.50. Bulletins 6-12 are bound as Volume II. The price of this volume is $2.45. Bulletins 13-15 are bound as Vol- ume III. The price of this volume is $2.50. Other volumes will follow. It is intended to follow a liberal policy in gratuitously dis- tributing these publications to public libraries, colleges, and scientific institutions, and to scientific men, teachers, and others who require particular bulletins for their work, especially to those who are citizens of Connecticut. Applications or inquiries should be addressed tn George S. Godard. State Librarian, Hartford, Conn. * If map is mounted as a wall map, and sent by express, $1.60. t Bulletin No. 14 ia out of print and can be furnished only in the bound voluma. CATALOGUE SLIPS. Connecticut. State geological and natural history survey. Bulletin No. 18. Triassic fishes of Connecticut. By C. R Eastman. Hartford, 1911. 77 pp., 11 pis., 8 figs. 23 c Eastman, Charles liochester. Triassic fishes of Connecticut. By Charles Roches- ter Eastman, Hartford, 1911. 77 pp., 11 pis., 8 figs. 23 cm . (Bulletin no. 18, Connecticut geological and natural history survey.) CATALOGUE SLIPS. Geology. Eastman, C. R. Triassic fishes of Connecticut. Hartford, 1911. 77 pp., 11 pis., 8 figs. 23« m . ( Bulletin no. 18, Connecticut geological and natural history survey.) Paleontology. Eastman, C. R. Triassic fishes of Connecticut. Hartford, 1911. 77 pp., 11 pis., 8 figs. 23 cm . (Bulletin no. 18, Connecticut geological and natural history survey.) State of Connecticut PUBLIC DOCUMENT NO. 47 State Geological and Natural History Survey COMMISSIONERS Simeon Eben Baldwin, Governor of Connecticut (Chairman) Arthur Twining Hadley, President of Yale University William Arnold Shanklin, President of Wesleyan University Flavel Sweeten Luther, President of Trinity College (Secretary) Charles Lewis Beach, President of Connecticut Agricultural College SUPERINTENDENT William North Rice Bulletin No. 18 Hartford Printed for the State Geological and Natural History Survey 1911 Publication Approved by The Board of Control. The Case, Lockwood & Brainard Co., Hartford, Conn. TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT By CHARLES ROCHESTER EASTMAN, Ph.tD. Professor of Paleontology at the University of Pittsburgh, and Curator in charge of Fossil Fishes at the Carnegie Museum "Die Weishelt ist rmr in der Wahrheit "— Goethe. LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL QARM3N. HARTFORD Printed for the State Geological and Natural History Survey 1911 CONTENTS. Page I. On the Study of Fossil Fishes in General ... 9 II. Geologic Correlation of the Connecticut Valley Fish- bearing Beds ...... 23 III. Geography of the Trias ..... 36 IV. Concerning Earlier Investigation of North American Tri- assic Fishes ...... 39 V. Systematic Descriptions of Upper Triassic Fishes . 42 NE ILLUSTRATIONS. aor Plates. I. Semionotus agassizii (W '. C. Redfield). Trias ; Sunderland, Massachusetts. Type of Newberry's so-called Ischypter. us mars hi. X£ II. Semionotus agassizii (W. C. Redfield). Trias; Sunderland, Massachusetts. Head and anterior portion of trunk- XT III. Semionotus fultus (Agassiz). Trias; Boonton, New Jersey. Figured specimen. X| IV. Semionotus micropterus (Newberry). Trias; Durham, Con- necticut. Xj V. Semionotus elegans (Newberry). Trias; Boonton, New Jer- sey. Figured specimen. X T VI. Semionotus nilssoni Agassiz. Rhaetic ; Hoegenaes, Sweden. Head portion of holotype, showing cranial plates and dentition. X{ VII. Ptycholepis mars hi Newberry. Trias ; Durham, Connecticut. XI VIII. Ptycholepis marshi Newberry. Trias ; Durham, Connecticut. Showing dorsal aspect of vertically compressed cranium. X 1 T IX. Catopterus gracilis J. H. Redfield. Trias ; near Middletown, Connecticut. Cotype. Xf X. Catopterus gracilis J. H. Redfield. Trias (Posterior shale) ; Durham, Connecticut. Scales appearing whitish by reason of mineral replacement. Xf XI. Catopterus gracilis J. H. Redfield. Trias ; Durham, Connect- icut. x| Page. 8 connecticut geol. and nat. hist. survey. Figures in Text. i. Cephalaspis murchisoni Egerton. Lower Old Red Sand- stone ; Herefordshire. ( After A. S. Woodward) . 14 2. Outlines of Acanthodian Fishes. A, Climatius scutiger Egerton. B, Mesacanthus mitchelli (Egerton). C, Acanthodes sulcatus Agassiz. D, Acanthodes gracilis Roemer . . . . . . .15 3. Cladoselache fyleri Newberry. Cleveland shales (Upper Devonian); near Cleveland, Ohio. (After Bashford Dean) ....... 16 4. Dipterus vale?iciennesi Sedgwick and Murchison. Lower Old Red Sandstone ; Scotland. (After R. H. Traquair) 17 5. Catopterus redfieldi Egerton. Trias ; Durham, Connecticut. Reproduction of Newberry's original drawing of dorso- lateral aspect of the head ..... 54 6. Catopterus redfieldi Egerton. Trias; Durham, Connecticut. Reproduction of Newberry's original drawing show- ing under side of the head . . . .54 7. Comparative diagrams showing types of cranial structure. 1, Rhabdokpis. 2, Nematoptychius. 3, Rhadinichthys. 4, Palceoniscus. 5, Se??iionotus . . . -59 8. Semionotus agassizii (W. C. Redfield). Trias; Sunderland, Massachusetts. X£ . . . . .62 TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. i. ON THE STUDY OF FOSSIL FISHES IN GENERAL. " There will we find laws which shall interpret, Through the simpler past, existing life." — Kingsley. PALEONTOLOGY is the natural history of the Past. It is that branch of biological science which acquaints us with the endless succession of animate forms that has inhabited the earth since life first began. Primarily an extension of zoology and botany, as these subjects are commonly understood, it may be regarded also as an historical science, by virtue of the time element pervading it. Its aims and methods are akin to the historian's. The facts it deals with are vital facts, linked together by the principle of continuity and progressive development. The story it unfolds is one of world-wide changes, of silent, slow, 'and exceedingly gradual transformations wrought upon organic framework by an infinity of complex forces, strivings, tendencies, surroundings, all operating through immense cycles of time, and culminating finally in one supreme achievement — in the produc- tion of a race of beings possessed of self-conscious intelligence, and of a well-nigh unlimited development of that faculty. The historical aspect of paleontology is worth considering. What is the theme of human history, if it be not the development of mankind? Is it not a record of all the changes in the state of men which have occurred since the first evidences of " the sons of men " upon our globe ? Does it not, in a word, inform us of the progression of human events? The theme of paleontology is similar, but broader. It is compassed by, and at the same time extends, the domain of universal history. It treats of the de- velopment of life in general, considers it in its grandes lignes, 10 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. in all its manifold manifestations. It is the record of all the changes and progressive modifications that have taken place among organic forms since their first appearance in remote geological antiquity. It seeks to ascertain the value of various adjustments to external conditions, of improvements in mechani- cal contrivances and other factors making for an advance; and, in tracing this line of progress, it aims to assign to different groups, or to different grades of the same group, their proper position and relative importance in the scheme of upward trans- formation. If the mystery of the beginning of all things must forever remain insoluble for us, as Darwin with his life-work behind him was obliged to admit, 1 paleontology at least dispels for us some of the obscurity of former geological cycles, during which life existed on our planet and left memorials of its infinitely slow progress along the road to perfection. Perfection, that is, in the Darwinian sense: meaning the production of the higher animals, and their capacity for psychic advance. An impressive spectacle this; no one can contemplate it seriously without feel- ing the sense of that infinity in contrast with which a man recog- nizes his own finitude. Then it is that one feels in accord with Keats' view : "Stop and consider! life is but a day; A fragile dew-drop on its perilous way From a tree's summit; a poor Indian's sleep While his boat hastens to the monstrous steep Of Montmorenci. ..." It is not only a just, but a truly ennobling conception to re- gard paleontology as an extension of human history. " La science des sciences, c est done la science de I'homme," Montaigne aptly remarks. Would we comprehend our own nature, and seek to know what man in his essence really is, what he has been, whence he came, whither bound, what destiny he may achieve, and, finally, what value attaches to his mortality — to acquire this self-knowledge, we must study that larger nature of which man forms so insignificant a part. The soul grows in knowl- edge of itself as it realizes the contrast with the grandeur, the sheer massiveness of nature, and the eternity of the hidden forces 1 Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, edited by Francis Darwin. NO. l8.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. II which are now and ever have been at work re-shaping the world since the very foundation of being. Knowledge of this sort vastly enlarges our consciousness, gives to our mortality a setting and perspective, dilates the mind and elevates the spirit by forc- ing them to range widely over the realm of universal history. It also enables us to form a relative estimate of ourselves and our career by applying a larger scale of life — the scale of in- finity. Clearly, therefore, the humanistic interest of paleontology is very great; and considerations of this nature help determine the value of any science quite apart from questions of practical utility. In every science there may be a twofold yield ; one that is expressed in material values, and another that is interpreted in terms of the spirit. Returns of both kinds are worth striving for. But, it may be objected by some, the facts of paleontology can at best only remotely affect our traditional outlook upon life. For those who are satisfied merely with the assembling of facts, and look no further than a connection between them, without being able to comprehend the life of thought in general, this objection may hold. But the thoroughgoing inquirer insists not merely upon an accumulation of dead knowledge; his mind aims at an interpretation of the results of investigation, and attaches to these things meanings and values. So far as relates to human or universal history, the supreme value lies in under- standing what has happened, in perceiving the meaning of events, in grasping the principles and laws that govern organic and social evolution. For this purpose the past must needs be re- constructed by means of the trained imagination out of all avail- able data. The more vigilant the imagination, the better his- torian, and the better scientific investigator, other things being equal ; for to the well-trained explorer in any science this faculty is never a hindrance, but a positive advantage. Obviously, if one lacks the power of transporting himself into the past, one can understand nothing of the past. But once that mental journey accomplished, and so soon as we acquire the habit of looking at experience objectively, without immediate relation to our own time and place, then, in the words of an English historian (Bury), "the modern age falls into line with its pre- decessors and loses its obtrusive prominence, and we come to 12 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. see our petty periods sub specie perennitatis." World-facts con- templated in this way help us, so says yet another historical writer (Villari), to " gain a new consciousness of our own being, and to win deeper insight into recesses of our own nature." The essayist just quoted gives it as his opinion that the history of the whole universe is required to explain the individual man, " because," as he says, " more or less transformed, all history lives in us human beings. Therefore, as it lives in us all, why should we marvel at our power of transporting ourselves back into past times and living once more in them? In studying the history of Greece, we not only read the tale of a vanished past, but also that of a society and of a civilization that, although transformed, still endures within us as a constituent element of our mentality. Thus we are reading the history of a part of ourselves, and gain a clearer appreciation of that part on seeing it developed, magnified, and surrounded with its pristine glory, as it first flashed upon the world through the deeds of the Grecian people. . . . Thus in reading universal history we learn to recognize the process by which our own intelligence has been gradually built up. It has been justly remarked that, even as the geologist can trace the history of the transformations of the globe from any chance handful of earth, so too the philol- ogist, on analyzing some phrase you have uttered, will find in it the record of the transformations of tongues." 1 It is an obvious truism that to every man the world as he sees it depends on his physical organization and upon the way he has been taught to look at it through education and years of experience. But the scientific conception of the world and of the value and meaning of life has become profoundly modified within comparatively recent times through the influence of re- organizing ideas. Men in all ages have shown the keenest interest in the problems of man's origin and past development. The first great step in advance was made by the shores of the y£gean more than two thousand years ago. But the positive results of ancient philosophy were inadequate and limited, as compared with modern, because of its more limited resources. After the time of the Greek poets and philosophers, more than two milleniums were to pass away before those new reorganizing 1 Villari, Pasquale, Studies Historical and Critical, 1907, p. 37 ff. No. 18.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 13 ideas — those which include the principle of continuity and the higher principle of development — became effectual in the world of thought, and enlightened mankind through the medium of Darwin's utterances. Both in history and in natural science the spirit of investigation was completely transformed by these ideas. So much by way of parenthesis. Enough has now been said to show that the natural history of the past possesses rich interest from a culturo-historical or humanistic standpoint. And from these matters we pass on to a consideration of our special theme, the study of fossil fishes in general. Before speaking, however, of the introduction and succession of the class of fishes in point of chronological sequence, it may be useful to insert at this point a table showing the principal divisions of the stratigraphic column, which will serve the double purpose of indicating the position of our Triassic rocks in the system, and marking the advent of successively higher classes of vertebrates. Forma- tional units, it is to be observed, are divided into systems, series, and groups; and the corresponding time-relations are expressed by the terms eras (or ages), periods, and epochs. Following is the commonly accepted arrangement: GEOLOGICAL TIME-SCALE Eras Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic Archaean Periods Quaternary Tertiary Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic Carboniferous Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian Life Man Mammals the dominant class Reptiles dominant throughout era Birds appear Earliest mammals Amphibians the dominant class Fishes dominant Invertebrates still dominant Fishes appear Leading groups of invertebrates Scanty and indistinct organic re- mains 14 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. The Cambrian system, at the base of the Paleozoic, has thus far failed to yield any indication of the presence of backboned creatures. Neither Chordates nor " Protochordates," that is, primitive forerunners of the vertebrate phylum, make their ap- pearance in the geological time-scale until the Ordovician, after which they continue sparsely throughout the Silurian. From what lower group of organisms the primitive progenitors of the vertebrate stem were descended, and during what period the hiatus between diverse phyla was bridged over, we have no means of knowing. The absence of transitional forms, or indeed even of Protochordates, in strata anterior to the Ordovician is not a very significant fact, when it is considered that the primitive forerunners of chordate animals were probably soft- bodied, and therefore incapable of preservation in the rocks. Although numerous indications of fish-like vertebrates have been obtained at different localities both in this country and abroad, as, for instance, from the Ordovician of Colorado, Montana, and Scotland, it is not until the Silurian that their remains are found satisfactory enough for discussion. The dominant forms of fish life that we are acquainted with from rocks of this age belong to the lowly group of Ostracophores — creatures which differ from Fishes proper to such an extent that they are usually included in a separate class (Agnatha). They have incompletely formed jaws, are destitute of paired fins, and are without calcified en- doskeletal parts (Fig. i). On the other hand, as their name implies, they are protected by a shell-like external covering, whose elaboration can be traced through a number of successive stages. Toward the close of the Devonian they become entirely extinct, without leaving descendants. Fig. i. Cephalaspis murchisoni Egerton. Lower Old Red Sand- stone ; Herefordshire. Head-shield seen from above, tail twisted to show dorsal fin and heterocercal tail mainly in side view. X i^ (after Smith Woodward). No. 18.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 15 Although forming the dominant feature of Silurian verte- brate life, Ostracophores are nevertheless accompanied in the It Z.SJl Fig 2. Outlines of Acanthodian Fishes, illustrating their gradual elongation in shape and loss of intermediate spines during successive periods. A, Climatius scutiger Egerton. Lower Old Red Sandstone; Scotland. B, Mesacanthus mitchellt (Egerton). Ibid. C, Acanthodes sulcatus Agassiz. Lower Carboniferous; Edin- burgh. D, Acanthodes gracilis. Roemer. Lower Permian; Bohemia. a, anal fin; d, dorsal fin; i. sp., intermediate spines; p, pectoral fins. (From Smith Woodward, partly after Traquair and Fritsch.) i6 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. latter part of that system by creatures which surpass them in grade, and are perfectly recognizable as true fishes, possessing as they do ordinary jaws and two pairs of lateral fins. These oldest remains of typical fishes — they are called Acanthodians after the name of the first described genus — are probably to be regarded as Elasmobranchs, and evidently have not diverged very far from the primordial stock which gave rise not only to the line of sharks and rays, but also to different grades of higher fishes. Acanthodians (Fig. 2) are a long-lived race, continuing throughout the Paleozoic. An allied primitive tribe that was less successful, and by reason of its long-bodied form is regarded by some writers (Woodward) as senile, is that typified by Cladoselache (Fig. 3), which is known from the late Devonian. ~^~^~~~WS^ -■ ^-..■^■■•-..^v ■ ■'- —^ Fig. 3. Cladoselache fyleri Newberry. Cleveland shale (Upper Devonian) ; near Cleveland, Ohio. Right lateral aspect, about one-tenth natural size. A primitive shark, illustrating the simplest kind of paddle-fins, which are supported by nearly par- allel bars of cartilage (after Bashford Dean). During the Devonian appeared two large groups of fishes with paddle-shaped fins. These groups are commonly known as Lung-fishes and " fringe-finned " Ganoids — Dipnoi and Cross- opterygii they are technically called. Their geological history is peculiar. Both groups early acquired dominance, spread over all regions of the globe, and seem indeed to have culminated in the Devonian, being numerically and specifically more abundant during that period than at any subsequent epoch. Only two modern survivors of Crossopterygii are known from African rivers (Polypterns and Calamoichthys). Of the long and archaic line of Lung-fishes represented by Dipterus (Fig. 4) and its associates in the Devonian, only the most generalized Ceratodont type, represented nowadays by but three fresh-water genera, has been able to persist until our own time. That the Ceratodont type has had a continuous existence since the early Paleozoic follows as a logical necessity from regarding the Dipterine group No. 18.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 17 1—* • Oq 4>- m (A O P c-h o* 3 <2 3 O m n O O CO p 3 tz> c-f- o 3 X p ►1 H p C P 1 8 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. as a specialized derivative. Recently described remains of Pro- topterus from the African Tertiary present an astonishing like- ness to Sagenodus, as regards the dentition. Yet another group of fishes, representing a still higher grade than any of the foregoing, makes its first appearance during the Devonian, but does not begin to acquire dominance until the Carboniferous. This is the great group of Actinopterygians or " ray-finned " fishes, to which by far the greater number of modern forms belong. From the Devonian onward until the close of the Permian, this higher grade of fishes was represented by a single family of primitive Chondrostei, whose degenerate descendants finally passed over into modern Sturgeons. It is probable that the short-lived family of the Catopteridse, which gained a wide distribution in the Trias, is an offshoot of the tribe of primitive Sturgeons; and it is noteworthy that the de- cline of the latter began simultaneously with the rise of the next higher suborder, or Protospondyli. No links are known connecting this suborder with the Chondrostei, hence in the present state of our knowledge, the Sturgeon tribe and the Pro- tospondyli are distinctly demarcated. During the Trias the Protospondyli are represented by the important and truly cos- mopolitan family of Semionotidae, which, with the previously mentioned Catopteridae, form the chief constituents of our local Triassic fish fauna. The only modern representatives of this suborder are the bow-fin and garpike (Amia and Lepidosteus), both confined to the fresh waters of North America, and ex- hibiting the long-bodied shape of senile or decrepit derelicts. Associated with members of the preceding suborder (Pro- tospondyli) in rocks of the Upper Trias are found a few fishes having a remarkably modern aspect, and characterized not only by a complete vertebral column, but also by a simplified lower jaw, which consists of but two pieces on each side. The fore- runners of the Isospondyli, as this suborder is called in allusion to the circumstance that the vertebrae are simple, without being fused into a group behind the head, scarcely differ in grade from the modern herring tribe. Among typical representatives may be mentioned the genera Pholidophorus and Leptolepis, ranging throughout the Triassic and Jurassic. The group displays rather feeble vigor until the beginning of the Cretaceous, when it NO. l8.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. IO, rapidly multiplied, became dominant, and replaced the Pro- tospondyli. Living members of the suborder belong to that division of bony fishes known as physostomous Teleostei. One of the late Professor Beecher's generalizations, which seems to hold true throughout the animal kingdom, is that spines characterize only the latest representatives of the class. Applying this to the class of Pisces, Dr. Smith Woodward re- marks: "The Acanthopterygii ("spine-finned") are thus the highest and latest fishes of all, though they sometimes eventually descend from their high estate by degeneration. They exhibit all the peculiar changes in the skull, upper jaw, and pelvic fins noticed as first appearing in a variable manner in the Cretaceous Isospondyli. The spiny-finned fishes began by Berycoids and possibly Scombroids in the Chalk, closely resembling, but not identical with genera living at the present day. By the Eocene period, however, nearly all the modern groups of Acanthopterygii had become completely separated and developed, and their sud- den appearance is as mysterious as that of early Eocene mammals." The same eminent authority also recapitulates the main out- lines of the evolutionary history of fishes in the following passage : x " Fossils prove that the earliest fish-like organisms strength- ened their external armour so long as they remained compara- tively sedentary ; that next the most progressive members of the class began to acquire better powers of locomotion, and con- centrated all their growth-energy on the elaboration of fins; that, after the perfection of these organs, the internal bony skeleton was completed at the sacrifice of the outer plates, be- cause rapid movement necessitated a flexible body and rendered external armour less useful; that, finally, in the highest types the vertebrae and some of the fin-rays were reduced to a fixed and practically invariable number for each family and genus, while there was a remarkable development of spines. As survivors of most of these stages still exist, the changes in the soft parts which accompanied the successive advances in the skeleton can be inferred. Hence palaeontology furnishes a sure basis for a 1 Woodward, A. S., The Relations of Palaeontology to Biology. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1906, ser. 7, xviii, p. 314. 20 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. natural classification in complete accord with the development of the group." Concerning the matter of classification, it need only be re- marked that Pisces proper are divided into four subclasses, all of which have enjoyed a continuous history from the early Devonian onward to the present day. These subclasses are known under the following designations : ( I ) The Elasmobranchii, including modern sharks and rays; (2) Holocephali, or Chimaeroids; (3) Dipnoi (Dipneusti), or Lung-fishes; and (4) Teleostomi, in- cluding ganoids and modern bony fishes. Only the last-named of these grand divisions is represented in the Triassic rocks of the Atlantic border region, and of the two orders embraced by it, the first (Crossopterygii) is represented by a solitary family and genus, and the second (Actinopterygii) by five genera be- longing to three different families. The taxonomic relations of these families and genera are graphically illustrated in the fol- lowing scheme : — Subclass Orders Suborders Families and Genera Crossopterygii Actinistia Ccelacantbidse 1. Diplurus Teleostomi ' Chondrostei ( Catopteridse 2. Catopterus ( 3. Dictyopyge Actinopterygii Protospondyli { Semionotidse 4. Acentrophorus 5. Semionotus 1 | Eugnathidse L 6. Ptycholepis It will be seen from the foregoing table that the fauna with which we have to deal is relatively undiversified, and consists of surprisingly few elements as compared with contemporaneous fish faunas of other regions. The inference to be drawn is that these peculiarities are in all likelihood dependent upon the nature of the environment — that is to say, upon the absence of marine conditions over the area inhabited by this fauna. The evidence NO. l8.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 21 which compels us to regard the sediments in question as a non- marine facies of the Trias does not proceed primarily from the fossil fishes themselves. On the contrary, the North American species of Semionotus, Ptycholepis, and Diplurns are so closely affiliated with European " geminate types," to employ Jordan's term, 1 which occur in the marine Trias, that it is impossible to suppose that there were any great physiological differences be- tween them. Hence there would be no reason in the absence of other evidence to believe that that they were adapted to a different habitat. 2 . While there is nothing in the character of the fossil fishes which would prove conclusively whether the deposits were formed in salt or brackish or fresh water, the physical character of the deposits and the fossils other than fishes found in them make it substantially certain that the deposits are not marine. 5 No corals, echinoderms, or brachiopods have been found in the Triassic in Connecticut or in any other of the Triassic basins of eastern North America. Mollusks are very few, and most of those found are undoubtedly fresh-water forms. A very few marine mollusks, it is claimed, have been found in the Triassic of Pennsylvania. A few Crustacea, probably fresh-water or brackish-water forms, have been found in some of the southern Triassic basins, though not in Connecticut. A few insect larvae have been found. For the rest the fossils of the formation con- sist of land plants and tracks of reptiles and amphibians, with a few skeletons of reptiles. Such an assemblage of fossils makes it clear that the formation is not marine, though the presence of a few marine shells (if those shells are rightly identified) indicate conditions in part estuarine. Until recently the opiriion has been generally held that the deposits of the Triassic of eastern North America were formed in tidal estuaries whose waters for the most part were brackish or nearly *fresh. It seems probable, however, that the deposits 1 Jordan, D. S., The Law of Geminate Species. Am. Nat., 1908, xlii, pp. 73-80. 2 De-Alessandri remarks as follows regarding the conditions under which the strata at Besano were deposited: " I caratteri litologici infatti dimostrano come i deposit! costititenti la formazione raibliana di Besano debbono in parte ascriversi ad azione organica e che essi si costituivano poco lungi dalle coste. E l'esame della sua ittiofauna .... conferma appunto la natura costiera del giacimento." 8 Rice and Gregory, Manual of the Geology of Connecticut, pp. 166-179 (State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. 6.) 22 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. were not formed in continuous water bodies coextensive with the areas occupied by the deposits; but that they include confluent alluvial fans formed by torrents descending from the mountain walls at the margin of the area, fluvial deposits formed by rivers migrating over the lowland, lacustrine deposits in places where the drainage was obstructed, with probably estuarine deposits in parts of the area that were covered by tidal waters, and very likely eolian deposits over parts that were dry land. Geol- ogists have recently come to appreciate the importance of such " continental " deposits. 1 We have next to consider the question of the position occu- pied in the series of Triassic rocks by the fish-bearing beds in the local section, and also the ancillary query as to the con- temporaneity of deposits in the Connecticut Valley and the New York-Virginia basin. For a solution of these problems extended comparisons are necessary with related faunas of other regions, wheresoever they may be found; and, as this phase of the dis- cussion has received very little attention heretofore, we may be permitted to inquire into the matter somewhat fully. This will be the object of the following section. ij. V. Lewis, Origin and Relations of the Newark Rocks, pp. 102-108 (Geol. Surv. N. J., Ann. Rept. for 1906). W. M. Davis, The Triassic Formation of Connecti- cut, pp. 29-34 (18th Ann. Rept, U. S. Geol. Surv., Part ii). J. Barrell, Mud-cracks as a Criterion of Continental Sedimentation (Journ. of Geol., xiv. pp. 524-568). In con- nection with these writings one may consult several recent articles by J. Lomas who interprets the British Trias as " filled-in desert lakes " (Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc, 1907, p. 183); also the Trias Reports of the British Assoc. Adv. Sci.; and Professor Bonney's paper On the Origin of the Trias (Proc. Yorkshire Geol. Soc, 1906, xvi, p. 1). NO. l8.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 23 II. GEOLOGIC CORRELATION OF THE CONNECTICUT VALLEY FISH-BEARING BEDS. The general consensus of opinion among geologists who have studied the Triassic rocks of eastern North America is that the sediments were deposited more or less contemporaneously in a number of isolated basins or troughs, these depressions occurring at intervals (rather than extending continuously) along the Atlantic border from Nova Scotia to South Carolina. As to the period of deposition represented by these sediments, in the opinion of the best authorities they are referred to the uppermost division of the Triassic system, that which in European geology is termed the Keuper. This opinion, be it observed, has rested hitherto al- most exclusively upon the evidence of paleobotany. And not un- naturally, owing to the prevailing dearth of marine invertebrates which always afford the most reliable indication of the age of In view of the almost total absence of the latter class of fossils it is pointed out by Professors Rice and Gregory in their " Manual of the Geology of Connecticut " (p. 182), that the best paleontological evidence for purposes of correlation which is here available is that " afforded by comparison of the fossil plants which occur abundantly in some areas of the formation, particularly in the Richmond area, with the fossil plants of some of the European strata." The results of such comparison show, as stated by these authors, " that the flora of these sandstones finds its nearest equivalent in that of the Keuper, the «PPe™ost division of the European Trias. The indications afforded by the fishes and reptiles, though more scanty, are in harmony, so far as they go, with the evidence of the plants." In like ^manner Professor Lester F. Ward, writing in 1891, expressed the view that the flora of the New York-Virginia area fixes the horizon of the so-called " Newark formation " " with almost absolute 24 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. certainty at the summit of the Triassic system, and narrows the discussion down chiefly to the verbal question whether it shall be called Rhaetic or Keuper The beds that seem to be most nearly identical, so far as the plants are concerned, are those of Lunz, in Austria, and of Neue Welt, in Switzerland. These have been placed by the best European geologists in the Upper Keuper. Our American Trias can scarcely be lower than this, and it probably cannot be higher than the Rhaetic beds of Bavaria." 1 Professor J. S. Newberry reached a similar conclusion in re- gard to the homotaxial relations of the " Newark " series of the Atlantic border region, 2 but it is rather singular that his reference of these beds to the uppermost Trias was based almost entirely upon the evidence furnished by fossil plants, whereas that af- forded by the fishes was in part neglected, in part misinterpreted. This accomplished student of paleichthyology was clearly in error, as will presently appear, in supposing that the fishes of the Newark system are " not nearly related to those of any European formation," and he failed even to recognize the identity between the so-called " Ischypteras" of Egerton and Agassiz's genus Semionotus. As early as 1850 Professor Louis Agassiz declared that in his opinion the fossil fishes from the Virginia coal field, and " from the so-called New Red Sandstone [of New Jersey and New England], indicate an age intermediate between the European New Red and the Oolite." 3 Subsequently he modified this view so far as to state that the fossils in question are the equivalent neither of the Triassic fishes of southern Germany, nor of those from the English Lias, wherefore he referred the 1 Ward, L. F., The Plant-bearing Deposits of the American Trias. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 1891, iii, pp. 23-31. — Idem, Principles and Methods of Geologic Correlation by means of Fossil Plants. Am. Geol., 1891, ix, pp. 34-47- Writing three years earlier than Professor Ward, the Austrian geologist, D. Stur, concluded from the evidence of fossil plants that the Virginia coal-field area is the precise equivalent of the German Lettenkohle, which, according to some geologists, immediately underlies the Keuper, while by others it is regarded as the lowest division of the Keuper, just as the Rhaetic is sometimes incorporated with the Keuper as its uppermost member. The title of his paper is as follows: "Die Lunzer- (Letten- kohlen-) Flora in den ' older Mesozoic beds of the Coalfield of eastern Virginia.' " Verh. Geol. Reichsanst., 1888, no. 10, pp. 203-217. 2 Newberry, J. S., The Fauna and Flora of the Trias of New Jersey and the Con- necticut Valley. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1887, vi, pp. 124-128. 3 Agassiz, L., Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1850, iv, p. 276. NO. l8.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 25 Newark rocks to a time interval between the Trias and Lias, for which there is no corresponding European expression. 1 Most recently of all it has been claimed by the present writer, 2 in contrast to the views of Agassiz and Newberry, that the Newark fish fauna of the Atlantic border region does, in reality, manifest rather close relationship to those of certain European formations; and in particular that a marked correspondence exists between it and the assemblage that is known from the top- most member of the Alpine Muschelkalk — that is to say, the summital portion of the Middle Trias as developed in the Mediterranean region. The precise horizon from which the foreign assemblage in question has been obtained is the so-called Perledo limestone, on the eastern verge of Lake Como, in Lombardy, and usually correlated with the base of the Buchen- stein beds. 3 By some authors the latter are referred to the base of the Ladinian, by others — and these would seem to be in the minority — to the summit of the Virglorian (zone of Ceratites trinodosus). Under these names, Ladinian and Vir- glorian, are understood respectively the upper and lower mem- bers of the Alpine Muschelkalk, where, as is well known, a three- fold division such as characterizes the deposits of Germany north of the Alpine region is not observable. 4 The position of the Buchenstein limestone, and also of the higher (Keuper) fish-bearing beds of Besano, Raibl, Seefeld, etc., as compared with the Anglo-German Trias, is shown in the subjoined table. This is constructed more especially after the writings of Baron F. von Huene on the British, and those of Professors Haug, Arthaber and others on the Alpine Trias. 5 1 Agassiz, L., Proc. Am. Acad., 1852-57, iii, p. 69. 2 Geol. Surv. N. J., Ann. Rep. for 1904 (1905), pp. 70, 72. 3 A convenient geological guide for the Como section will be found in chapter 1 of Dr A. Tornquist's " Ftihrer durch das oberitalienische Seengebirge," forming volume 9 of the Sammlung geologisclier Fiihrer (Berlin, 1902). 4 " Le Trias moyen comprend, comme on sait, deux etages: le Virglorien Ren. (= Recoarien Bittn., Anisien Mojs., Waag., Dien.), et le Ladinien Bittn." — E. Haug, in Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 1906, ser. 4, vi, p. 368. 5 A generalized section of the Alpine Trias is given at page 254 of G. von Artha- ber's treatise, incorporated with the second part of Freeh's " Lethsea Geognostica " (Heft 2, 1905), and a more detailed section of the Como district at page 399 of the same work. Heft 1 of this volume contains an introduction, by the editor, to the study of the Mesozoic and Trias, and a description of the Continental Trias by E. Phillippi in collaboration with other authors (1903). See also the following by F. von Huene: " Eine Zusammenstellung iiber die englische Trias und das Alter ihrer Fossilien. Centralbl. f. Mineral. Geol. Pal., 1908, pp. 9-17. A slightly different arrangement is indicated in the table given at p. 29 of G. De-Alessandri's memoir on the Triassic Fishes of Lombardy, 1910. 26 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Correlation Scheme of Anglo-German and Alpine Trias. TRIAS GREAT BRITAIN GERMANY ALPINE REGION Rhaetic Rhaetic Rhaetic Upper Keuper marl (Upper Keuper sandstone) Upper \ Middle j- Keuper Lower ) Alpine Keuper ' Hauptdolomit (Stein- mergelkeuper) ' St. Cassian beds Raibl beds (Salz- keuper) 2 Lower Keuper sandstone Middle Lettenkohle Wengen Beds Upper \ „.,,, / Muschel- Middiet kalk Lower ; Ladinian (Buchenstein beds)* Upper variegated sandstone Pebble beds Lower variegated sandstone (Bunter) Virglorian Lower UPPfi 1 " \ Buntsand- ^ lddle t stein Lower ) Werfenian (Werfen beds) Since the earlier studies of the Perledo fish fauna by Bellotti and Deecke, the relations of some of its component elements have been more accurately determined by different spcialists, with the result that it is now possible to make more exact com- parisons between the Lombardy fauna and our own Triassic fauna. The following revised list of species, which agrees in the main with a similar one compiled by De-Alessandri, takes into account all of the published writings on Lombardy fish remains. Revised List of Triassic Fishes occurring in the Ladinian (Alpine Middle Trias) of Perledo, Lombardy. Crossopterygii. Family Cozlacanthid^. i. Heptanema paradoxum Bellotti. i Fish-be&ring localities of Seefeld, Tirol ; Hallein, Salzburg ; and Giffom, Italy, a Fish-bearing localities of Besano, Lombardy ; and Raibl, Carintbia (Austria). * Fish-bearing locality of Perledo, on Lake Como, Lombardy. NO. l8.j TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 27 Actinopterygii. Family Catopterid^e. 2. Perleidus altolepis (Deecke). Family Belonorhynchid^:. 3. Belonorhynchus macrocephalus Deecke (=B. ro- bustus Bellotti MS.). Family Semionotim:. 4. Semionotus balsami Bellotti. 5. Colobodus sp. 6. Archceo semionotus connectens Deecke. Family Macrosemiid^. 7. Ophiopsis Upturns (Bellotti). 8. Ophiopsis lariensis De-Alessandri. Family Eugnathid^e. 9. Eugnathus hermesii (Bellotti). 10. Eugnathus trotti (Balsamo-Crivelli). 11. Heterolepidotus pectoralis (Bellotti). 12. Heterolepidotus serratus (Bellotti). 13. Heterolepidotus taramellii De-Alessandri. 14. Heterolepidotus brevis (Bellotti). 15. Heterolepidotus (?) e gidii-venantii De-Alessandri. 16. Heterolepidotus bellottii De-Alessandri. 17. Allolepidotus bellottii (Riippell). 18. Allolepidotus nothosomoides Deecke. 1 19. Allolepidotus rue ppelli (Bellotti). Family Pachycormid^e. 20. Urolepis macroptera Bellotti. 21. Urolepis microlepidota Bellotti (including the so- called U. elongata Bellotti). 1 The status of Deecke's genus Allolepidotus is open to some question. By Gorjanovic-Kramberger it is regarded as a subgenus of Heterolepidotus. Compare this author's memoir on " Die obertriadische Fischfauna von Hallem in Salzburg (Beitr. Paldont. u. Geol, 1905. xviii, p. 212). 28 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Family Pholidophorim:. 21. Pholidophorus curioni (Heckel). 22. Pholidophorus oblongus Bellotti. 23. Prohalecites porroi (Bellotti). 24. Pholidoplenrus sp. Family Leptolepioe. 25. Leptolepis sp. It will next be in order to present a list of the species com- posing the Triassic fish fauna of the Atlantic border region in this country, for the purpose of comparison with the above. In this list the names of those species occurring in the Connecticut Valley area are denoted by an asterisk. List of Fossil Fishes occurring in the " Newark ' or Upper Triassic Rocks of Eastern North America. Crossopterygii. Family Cgelacanthid^e. 1. *Diplurus longicaudatus Newberry. Actinopterygii. Family Catopterim:. 2. *Catopterus gracilis J. H. Redfield. 3. *Catopterus redHeldi Egerton. 4. *Dictyopyge macrura (W. C. Redfield). Family Semionothle. 5. *Acentrophorns chicopensis Newberry. 6. *Semionotus agassizii (W. C. Redfield). 7. Semionotus braimi (Newberry). 8. Semionotus elegans (Newberry). 9. ^Semionotus fidtus (Agassiz). 10. Semionotus gigas (Newberry). 11. Semionotus lineatus (Newberry). 12. ^Semionotus micropterus (Newberry). 13. ^Semionotus ovatus (W. C. Redfield). NO. l8.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 20. 14. Semionotus robustus (Newberry). 15. ^Semionotus tenuiceps (Agassiz). Family Eugnathhle. 16. *Ptycholepis marshi Newberry. On comparing the foregoing lists, it appears that both faunas — the Lombardy and the eastern North American — are made up exclusively of ganoids ; and of these a single Crossopterygian family is represented in each case, while the remainder belong to the Actinopterygian order. Sharks and rays, Chimseroids and Lung-fishes, are conspicuously absent from both regions. Of the two families common to both provinces, of which Semiono- tus and Catopterus are representatives, the former is in each case the most important in point of numerical abundance, and is repre- sented by the largest number of species. Dictyopyge is not common to both regions, nor conclusive as to age, since it ranges from the Bunter to the Upper Keuper in the Anglo-German Trias, and is known also from the Karoo formation of British South Africa and the Upper Trias of New South Wales. Two of the remaining genera of the American Trias are exceedingly rare in the Occidental region, each being represented by a solitary species. These are Acentrophorus and Ptycholepis. Of the former it is to be observed that it is apparently capable, despite its imperfect preservation, of being included in the same family as Semionotus; and as for the latter, of which only a few examples have been found at a single locality, near Durham, Connecticut, it is significant to note its occurrence at a slightly higher horizon in the Alpine Keuper (Besano and Raibl), where it is likewise accompanied by members of the Semionotidse. From the facts that have just been set forth one may infer that the so-called " Newark " fish fauna of this country is of more or less composite character, in that its chief constituents, or their analogues at least, are distributed between the middle (Ladinian) and upper (Keuper) divisions of the Alpine Trias. That a general correspondence exists between the Atlantic border fish fauna and that of the Middle Trias of Lombardy is now sufficiently evident ; such relations as can be predicated between the former and various Keuper fish faunas of the Mediterranean 3° CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. region (southern and eastern Alps) will be apparent to students from the following tabulation. Fish Fauna of the Raibl Beds (Base of the Alpine Keuper) in Italy and Austria. Besano, Lombardy. Elasmobranchii. 1. Acrodus bicarinatus Bassani. 2. Hybodus sp. ind. 3. Nemacanthus tuberculatum Bassani. 4. Leiacanthus pinii Bassani. 5. Leptacanthus cornalicc Bellotti. Actinopterygii. Family Belonorhynchid^e. 6. Belonorhynchus curionii (Bellotti). 7. Belonorhynchus inter- medins Bassani. 8. Belonorhynchus stoppanii Bassani. 9. Belonorhynchus striolatus Bronn. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Family Semionotid^e. Colobodus bassani De-Alessandri. Colobodus varius Giebel (= Gyrolepis sp. Bel- lotti MS. fide Bassani). Colobodus triasicus (Bassani) (=Lepido- tus triasicus Bassani). Allolepidotus sp. ind. Dapedius sp. ind. ( = Tc- tragonolepis sp. Bas- sani). Raibl, Carinthia. Family Macrosemiid^e. 15. Ophiopsis bellotti (Bas- sani) (= Nothosornus bellotti Bassani). Crossopterygii. Family Ccelacanthid^. I. Graphiurus callopterus Kner. Actinopterygii. Family Belonorhynchhxe. 2. Belonorhynchus striolatus Bronn. Belonorhynchus sp. (= Teleosaurus tenui- striatus Kner err ore). 3- Family Semionotid^e. Colobodus ornatus Agassiz. Family Macrosemihle. 5. Orthurus sturii Kner. No. 18.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 31 Besano, Lombardy. Family Eugnathid^e. 16. Ptycholepis barboi Bassani. 17. Helerolepidotus gibbus ( Bassani ) ( = Semiono- tus gibbus Bassani non Seebach). Family Pholidophorid^e. 18. Pholidophorus barazzetti Bassani. 19. Pholidophorus besanensis Bassani. 20. Pholidophorus cf. bronni Kner. 21. Pholidophorus meridensis De-Alessandri. 22. Pholidopleurus typus Bronn. 23. Peltopleurus splendens Kner. Family Pachycormid^e. 24. Urolepis sp. ind. Raibl, Carinthia. Family Eugnathim. 6. Ptycholepis avus Kner. 7. Ptycholepis tenuisquamata Kner. Family Pholidophorid^e. 8. Pholidophorus bronni Kner. 9. Pholidopleurus typus Bronn. 10. Peltopleurus splendens Kner. 11. Peltopleurus (?) gracilis Kner. 12. Thoracopterus apus Kner. 13. Thoracopterus niederristi Bronn. 14. Prohale cites microlepido- tus (Kner). 15. Megalopterus raiblianus Kner. The above lists have been compiled chiefly from the writings of Kner 1 and Bassani, 2 and the more recent memoir of De- Allessandri (1910). These assemblages from the marine Keuper of southern Europe are instructive as showing the continued im- portance of the Semionotidse, and their accompaniment by Ptycholepis and a single Crossopterygian genus different from either our own Diplurus or the unique Heptanema of Perledo. 1 Several articles on the fossil fishes from Raibl, contained in vols. 53, 55, and 56 of the Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss., Wien., 1866-67. 2 Bassani, F., Sui fossili e sull'eta degli schisti bituminosi triasici in Lombardia. Atti delta Soc. Ital. di Sci. Nat., 1886, xxix, pp. 15-72. Compare also the lists given by Baron Achille de Zigno, in his " Pesci fossili di Lumezzane in Val Trompia (Lombardia)." Mem. R. Accad. del Lincei, 1891, anno 287, p. 5. A comparative table of the Raibl and Lombardy section will be found at page 325 of Arthaber's work on the Alpine Trias, in Freeh's " Lethaea Geognostica." For a history of previous attempts at a correlation of the Besano and Raibl faunas, see page 62 of Bassani's paper above cited. 32 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Catopterus is indeed absent, but a possible offshoot from the ancient Palaeoniscoids is found in the Pachycormid genus Urolepis. Thus far we have been able to trace a certain similarity or at least a not remote correspondence, between our local " Newark " fish fauna and various assemblages belonging to the Upper Muschelkalk and Lower Keuper of the European marine Trias. Extending now the range of our comparison to a higher horizon, the fact cannot be gainsaid that there is in these later Mediterranean fish faunas appreciably less resemblance to that of the Atlantic border. The next higher horizon with which com- parison of this nature is possible is the Hauptdolomit of various parts of Austria and Italy, a formation which is homotaxial with the Anglo-German Upper Keuper (Steinmergelkeuper), and is immediately succeeded by the Rhaetic. Everywhere in this later horizon, however, we meet with a more advanced expression of piscine evolution, and the character of the fauna acquires a decided Liassic aspect. We have, in fact, passed the limital division of the Keuper with which our " Newark " fish fauna can be most satisfactorily correlated, the ulterior bound being the Raibl beds of the Lower Keuper. This tends, therefore, to con- firm the conclusion already put forward that the Triassic fish fauna of eastern North America is of more or less manifold nature, and corresponds in a general way to the interval between the uppermost Muschelkalk and the basal division of the Keuper in the Mediterranean region. A tabulation of the Upper Keuper fish fauna of southern Europe is offered at this point by way of illustrating its more advanced grade in the scale of development. This has been compiled from both the older and more recent literature, in- cluding the writings of Kner, 1 Deecke, 2 de Zigno, 3 Bassani, 4 lKner, R., Die fossilen Fische der Asphaltschiefer von Seefcld in Tirol. Sitzungs- ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien., 1866, liv, pp. 3 c-3-334- Nachtrag. Ibid., 1867, lvi, pt. 1, pp. 898-909. . 2 Deecke, W., Ueber Fische aus verschiedenen Horizonten der Trias. Palaeontogr. 1889, xxxv, pp. 97-138. . . s De Zigno, A., Pesci fossili di Lumezzane in Val Trompia. Mem. R. Accad. de% Lincei, 1891, anno 287, pp. 1-10. * Bassani, F., Sui fossili e sull' eta degli schisti bituminosi di Monte Pettine presso Giffoni Valle Piana in Provincia Salerno (Dolomia principale). Mem. della Soc. Ital. delle Set. (detta dei XL), 1893, ser. 3, «, no. 3- Idem, La Ittiofauna della Dolomia principale di Giffoni (prov. di Salerno). Palaeontogr. Itahca, 1895, 1, pp. 169-210.— laem, Elenco dei Pesci fossili degli schisti bituminosi triasici di Giffoni, nel Salernitano. Rend, della R. Accad. delle Sci. di Napoli, 16 Dec. 1899. No. 18.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 33 Gorjanovic-Kramberger, 1 De-Alessandri, 2 and others. The nu- merals indicate the number of species represented at the respec- tive localities, which are as follows : Lumezzane, in Val Trompia, Lombardy ; Seefeld, near Innsbruck, Tirol ; Hallein, in Salz- burg, Austria; and GirToni, in the Province of Salerno, southern Italy. Comparative Table of Hauptdolomit Fish Faunas. Genera Crossopterygii Fam. Ccelacanthid^e i. Undina Actinopterygii Fam. Belonorhynchid^: 2. Belonorhynchus Fam. Semionotid^e 3. Semionotus 4. Colobodus 5. Heterolepidotus 6. Dapedius 7. Spaniolepis Fam. Macrosemiid^e 8. Ophiopsis 9. Orthurus Fam. Pycnodontidje 10. Mesodon Fam. EugnathidjE 11. Eugnathus Fam. Pholidophorid^e 12. Pholidophorus 13. Peltopleurus 14. Thoracopterus Total number of species Giffoni 3 1 1 II Hallein 1 2 2 I I II Seefeld 2 I I 4 1 11 Lumezzane A final word may now be said concerning the relations be- tween the Atlantic border or " Newark " fish fauna and the meagre indications of Triassic fish life that have been obtained 1 Gorjanovic-Kramberger, K., Die obertriadische Fischfauna von Hallein in Salz- burg. Beitr. Palaont. Geol. 1905, xviii, pp. 193-224. 2 De-Alessandri, G., Studii sui Pesci Triasici della Lombardia. Mem. delta Soc. Ital. di Scienze Naturali e Museo Civico di Storia Nat. di Milano, 1910, vii, pp. 1-148. 3 34 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. from western North America. Owing to the well known in- timate connection between the Upper Trias of California and that of southern Europe — the region which Neumayr years ago called the " central Mediterranean," and for which the name " Thetys " was proposed by Suess in 1894 — we might expect on purely a priori grounds to find a certain resemblance in the character of the vertebrate faunas of the two regions. 1 The scant evidence thus far obtained, however, at least as regards the fishes, fails to justify any such expectation. From the Lower Trias of Idaho have been described a single detached dermal spine, apparently belonging to Asteracanthus, 2 and a few fragmentary remains of Crossopterygii, which are possibly late survivals of Paleozoic families (Rhizodontidse and Osteol- epidse). 3 Elasmobranchs and effete Crossopterygii persist even as late as the Upper Trias of Shasta county, California, where re- mains of Hybodus, Acrodus, Holopty chins and Xenestes have been brought to light, whose number, however, all told, makes an inconspicuous showing. 4 Yet another sprinkling of ichthyic. indications is known from the Red Beds of supposed Triassic age (Shinarump group) in southwestern Colorado and in the Kanab Canyon region of Utah and Arizona. Little has been published on the fossil vertebrate remains from this section, 5 but, so far as the fishes are concerned, it is clear that they display no intimate relations with those of the Atlantic border Trias. On the contrary, the general aspect 1 In regard to the invertebrate faunas, Dr. James Perrin Smith has the following: " The most interesting fact brought out by a comparison of the Upper Trias of California with that of India and the Alpine Mediterranean region is its near rela- tionship with the latter, most genera and many species being common to the two regions. . . . This relationship of the Californian to the European faunas per- sists until after the middle of the Jurassic formation, when the Boreal fauna comes in." — Journ. Geol., 1898, vi, p. 786. 2 This is described under the name of Cosmacanthus by H. M. Evans, in Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. of Calif., 1904, i»\ P- 397- 8 Goddard, M., Fish Remains from the Marine Lower Trias of Aspen Ridge, Idaho. Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. of Calif., 1907, v, p. 145. 4 Wemple, E. M.. New Cestraciont teeth from the West American Triassic. Bull. Geol. Dept. Univ. of Calif., 1906, v, no. 4, p. 73.— Jordan, D. S., The Fossil Fishes of California. Ibid., 1907, v, no. 7, pp. 95" I 44- •The chief literary references are collected by Dr. Whitman Cross in his article on " The Triassic Portion of the Shinarump Group, Powell," to be found in the Journal of Geology, 1908, xvi, pp. 97-123- See also the joint paper by the same author and E. Howe, entitled " Red Beds of Southwestern Colorado and their Cor- relation." Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 1905, xvi, pp. 447-486. No. l8.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 35 of the Shinarump material suggests the foreshadowing of Jurassic conditions, and on that account the fauna announces itself as proemial, to employ Dr. Clarke's expressive term. The condition of the remains from the Kanab Canyon region is ex- tremely fragmentary, and among them only the genus Pholid- ophorus and certain Lepidotidae appear to be tolerably well indicated. 36 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. III. GEOGRAPHY OF THE TRIAS. " It is the soul that sees : the outward eyes Present the object, but the mind descries." — Longfellow. In this section it is not at all within our purpose to enter into an elaborate account of the physical conditions prevailing during the initial period of the Mesozoic, the theme being in itself an intricate one, and moreover, that phase of it which applies to our local section having been already sufficiently discussed. Such being the case, it will be sufficient merely to direct attention to a con- tribution pertinent to this topic, and one which contains perhaps the most comprehensive review that has been written on the faunal geography of the Upper Trias. We refer to the chapter on " The Seas of the Trias Era," by the late Professor E. Mojsisovics, Edler von Mojsvar, in his memoir on Triassic Cephalopods from the Himalayas, 1 wherein is collected practically all that is known of the distribution and relations of the in- vertebrate faunas of this era. From this memoir, owing to its relevancy to the present dis- cussion, we have ventured to extract a paragraph or two in re- gard to the principal regions of the " Central Mediterranean Sea " of Neumayr, or " Thetys " of Suess, from which Triassic faunas are known. So different from one another in character are these faunas that they are manifestly to be regarded as representing ancient geographic regions. These provinces are, in the language of their chief exponent and interpreter, as follows : " 1. Die Mediterranprovinz, 2. die germanische Flachsee, und 3. die indische Provinz." Concerning the limits of these provinces the author remarks : " Die germanische Flachsee bildet eine Dependenz der Medi- terranprovinz, und kann als ein grosses Aestuarium aufgefasst werden, welches dem ausgedehnten, heute im atlantischen Ocean 1 Denkschr. k. k. Akad. Wiss., 1896, lxiii, p. 687. No. l8.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 37 versunkenen Continente vorgelagert war. Diese triadische 'Atlantis ' existirte wahrscheinlich bereits am Schluss des palao- zoischen Zeitalters. 1 Sie reichte im Westen vermuthlich bis zum heutigen Nordamerica, 2 welches bekanntlich auf seiner Osthalfte ausgedehnte triadische Binnensedimente vom Charakter des germanischen Buntsandsteines und Keupers besitzt, wahrend pelagische Sedimente der Trias bios auf dem pacifischen Abhange dieses Continentes anzutreffen sind." Expressed in English, the meaning of the above paragraph would be that the second of these geographical provinces forms a restricted area of the first, and may be regarded as having formerly been a large estuary of an extensive land area now submerged beneath the Atlantic Ocean. This hypothetical Tri- assic continent, the so-called "Atlantis," probably became elevated above sea level at least as early as the close of the Paleozoic. It presumably extended westward to the present continent of North America, for along the eastern border of the latter are found non-marine Triassic deposits corresponding to the central European Buntsandstein and Keuper, while marine Triassic rocks occur only along the Pacific slope. [It is proper to point out that the theory of a submerged " Atlantis " is by no means universally held among modern geologists, but on the contrary many of the foremost authorities are firm believers in the permanence of con- tinental land masses.] To pursue this topic of paleogeography a step further, it is of interest to recall that the eastern and western boundaries of the Triassic Thetys are thus delineated by Professor James P. Smith, in his article on the " Classification of Marine Trias " (Journ. of Geol, 1896, iv, p. 387) : " Along the western borders of Thetys were deposited the Triassic sediments of the Alps, Spain, southern Italy, the 1 Suess, Antlitz der Erde., ii, p. 317. 2 Einen sicheren Anhaltspunkt fur die Annahme eines solchen Continents bieten auch die Pflanzenreste dar, welche in den Kohlenfeldern des ostlichen Virginiens gefunden und von Stur mit den Pflanzen des Lunzer Sandsteins (julische Stufe) identificirt wurden. Vergl. Stur, "Die Lunzer- (Lettenkohlen-) Flora in den 'older Mesozoic beds of the Coalfields of eastern Virginia.' " Verh. Geol. Reichsanstalt, 1888, P- 2 °3- . _ Besides the paper of Stur's just referred to, one may consult the following by F. Zeller, which contains a comparison with the Alpine Trias: Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Lettenkohle und des Keupers in Schwaben. Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral, u. s. w., Beilage-Bd. xxv, 1908, pp. 1-134. His correlation of the fish-bearing beds of the Alpine Trias is essentially the same as that adopted in the present Report. 38 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Balearic Islands, Sicily, Hungary, and the Balkan Peninsula. This region was named by Mojsisovics the Mediterranean Trias province. Most of the faunas of the Trias, from near the base to the top, are represented in this region. To the east the Thetys spread out to the waters of the Indian region, in which the sediments of the Himalayas and the Salt Range were accumulated. The Indian waters joined on the north, east and south with the great Arctic-Pacific Trias ocean, or Arctis of Mojsisovics, along the borders of which were de- posited the sediments of northern and eastern Siberia, Spits- bergen, Japan, Rotti, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Peru and western North America. But in this ocean region there were many provinces as yet unknown, or only vaguely defined." No. l8.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 39 IV. CONCERNING EARLIER INVESTIGATION OF NORTH AMERICAN TRIASSIC FISHES. "In den Wissenschaften ist es hochst verdienstlich, das unzulangliche Wahre, was die Alten schon besessen, aufzusuchen und weiter zu fiihren." — Goethe. American vertebrate paleontology may be said to have begun with President Thomas Jefferson's description of fossil elephant remains from Virginia 1 in 1787, and the bones of Megalonyx, afterwards named M. jeffersoni, z dozen years later. 2 One has to turn back a little more than a century earlier, however, for the first published figure of an American fossil, this being Ecphora quadricostata from the Maryland Miocene. 3 The earliest records of all relating to the discovery of fossil vertebrate remains in the western hemisphere date from the time of Hernandez, court physician to Philip II, and other Spanish explorers of the seven- teenth century. 4 We cannot be sure when fossil fishes first began to attract attention in this country, but the earliest notices regarding them in any scientific publication fall within the second decade of the last century, and relate to remains discovered in the Connecticut Valley region. Several titles are comprised in these early notices, and among their authors occur such names as S. L. Mitchell, B. Silliman the elder, Edward Hitchcock, A. Brong- niart, W. W. Mather, James E. Dekay, and others. Per contra, 1 Notes on the State of Virginia. London, 1787. 2 A Memoir on the Discovery of certain bones of a Quadruped of the clawed kind in the western parts of Virginia. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, 1799, ™, PP- 246-260. Dr. O. P. Hay is authority for the statement that this work is said by C. G. Giebel to have been issued in 1797. 8 Lister, M., Historia sive Synopsis Methodicse Conchyliorum. London, 1685. PI. 1059, fig. 2. 4 References to old Spanish works in which these remains are attributed to a race of human giants are given in the second volumes respectively of Cuvier's " Ossemens Fossiles " and Humboldt's " Cosmos." The vulgar interpretation, which ^ is ap- parently common to all primitive society, ancient and modern, finds an apt illustra- tion in the Gigantomachia of classical antiquity. Consult the suggestive article by Dr. Th. Skouphos, in Comptes rendus Cong. Inter. d'Arch., Athens, 1905, PP- 231-236. Also one by E. von Lasaulx on the Geology of the Greeks and the Romans, in Abhandl. bayer. Akad. Wissensch., 1852, vi, pp. 517-566. 40 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. the occurrence of similar remains in the more southerly region does not seem to have become generally known until toward the middle of the nineteenth century. Those from the Virginia Coal fields were studied successively by the Redfields, father and son, Sir Charles Lyell, Sir Philip Grey Egerton, and Louis Agassiz ; and a brief mention of fragmentary remains from North Carolina, accompanied by a few figures, was contributed by Ebenezer Emmons during the late fifties. It is, however, to William C. and John H. Redfield, who wrote between 1837 and 1857, that we are indebted for the first really satisfactory account of the Triassic fish fauna of this country, these two having described nearly all the important species. Their results are embodied in ten publications, eight by the elder, and two by the younger author. These same pioneers also brought together an important collection, of which a good part is still preserved in the Peabody Museum at Yale University, and the rest is unfortunately destroyed or dissipated. By far the most signal contribution to our knowledge of Amer- ican Triassic fishes is that contained in Professor J. S. Newberry's " Monograph on the Fossil Fishes and Fossil Plants of New Jersey and the Connecticut Valley." 1 Several new species of Semionotus (described, however, under the title Ischypterus), Ptycholepis and Diplurus were established by him upon the evidence of tolerably satisfactory material, and one doubtful form was referred with some reservation to Acentrophorus, a genus that is otherwise limited, so far as known, to the Upper Permian. This elaborate work of Professor Newberry still re- mains our chief repository of information in regard to the par- ticular subject before our consideration. Since Newberry's time comparatively little has been added to our knowledge of the Newark fish fauna, except in the way of rectifying some minor details. An important memoir on the genus Semionotus, by Dr. E. Schellwien, 2 appeared in 1901, in which a few new anatomical points, accompanied by illustra- tions, are worked out for two previously known American species. A number of additional structural characters were made known in 1903 by Dr. George F. Eaton, of Yale University, in the case iMonogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., xiv. Washington, 1888. 2 Schellwien, E., Ueber Semionotus Ag. Schriften der Phys.-Oekonom. Gesellsch. zu Ksnigsberg i. Pr., 1901, pp. i-34. P 1 - i' 1 "- NO. l8.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 41 of four or five American species of Semionotus. 1 The diagnosis of this genus was further emended by Professor Gorjanovic- Kramberger, still more recently, in the course of his description of the Upper Triassic fish fauna of Hallein, Salzburg. 2 In this memoir the author set forth evidence intending to show that the family position of Heterolepidotus is with the Semionotidse rather than with the Eugnathidae, and that Allolepidotus of Deecke is identical with Semionotus proper. During the same year, 1905, some revised descriptions of the Triassic fishes of New Jersey were published by the present writer, with incidental mention of Connecticut Valley forms. 3 Reference was made in this paper to the totally different char- acter of the Kanab Valley fish fauna (Triassic portion of the Shinarump group, Powell) as compared with that of the Atlantic border region, and it was pointed out that the former displayed a marked Liassic aspect. That the beds which carry this fauna are in reality anterior to the Lias, and probably belong to the late Trias, has been recently argued by Dr. Whitman Cross in the Journal of Geology for 1908. The few contributions that have appeared in regard to the Triassic fishes of the Cordilleran region have already been referred to in the preceding section. In regard to restorations of the leading genera Semionotus and Dictyopyge, figures of these were published as early as 1864 by J. Struver, which are fairly accurate in respect to form of body and fin-structures, but leave much to be desired in the representation of cranial and facial bones. These figures are reproduced by Freeh in his Introduction to the Mesozoic (Part II. of the "Lethsea Geognostica," Stuttgart, 1903), and two other illustrations of American Triassic fishes are copied in the same work from Newberry's Monograph (Texttafel vi, vii). No satisfactory restoration of Catopterus has yet appeared, but some figures of the head portion, prepared from original draw- ings by the late Professor Newberry, are now published for the first time in the present Report in the section devoted to that genus. (Figs. 5, 6, p. 54.) 1 Eaton, G. F., Notes on the Collection of Triassic Fishes at Yale. Amer. Journ. Set., 1903, ser. 4, *v, PP- 259-268, pi. v, vi. 2 Gorjanovic-Kramberger, K., Die obertriadische Fischfauna von Hallein in Salz- burg. Beitr. cur Palaont. und Geo!., 1905, xviii, PP- 193-224, pi. xvn-xxi. »Geol. Surv. N. J., Ann. Rept. for 1904 (1905). PP- 67-102. 42 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. V. SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS OF UPPER TRIASSIC FISHES. " Die Natur ist das einzige Buch, das auf alien Blattern gewissen Inhalt bietet." — Goethe. Order CROSSOPTERYGII. Family CCELACANTHID^. " Body deeply and irregularly fusiform, with cycloidal, deeply overlapping scales, more or less ornamented with ganoine. Branchiostegal apparatus consisting of an operculum on each side and a single pair of large jugular plates. Paired fins ob- tusely lobate. Two dorsal fins and a single anal; the anterior dorsal without baseosts, the posterior dorsal and the anal with bas- eosts, obtusely lobate. Axial skeleton extending to the extremity of the caudal fin, usually projecting and terminated by a small supplementary caudal fin. Air-bladder ossified." As remarked by Smith Woodward, from whose Catalogue the foregoing definition has been taken, the members of this family have perhaps the most remarkable geological range of all known extinct fishes, persisting as they do practically unchanged from the Upper Devonian to the Upper Chalk. " The group is special- ized," says this author, " in the large symmetrical caudal fin, which exhibits a series of supports directly apposed to the neural and haemal arches, equalling in number both these and the over- lapping dermal rays. It is also specialized in (i.) the fusion of the bones of the pterygo-quadrate arcade, (ii.) the reduction of the infradentaries to one, (iii.) the reduction of the opercular apparatus to the operculum on each side and a pair of gular plates, (iv.) the loss of the baseosts in the anterior dorsal fin, and (v.) the ossification of the air-bladder." This family, first proposed by Louis Agassiz in the second volume of his " Poissons Fossiles " (1844, p. 168), and after- wards greatly restricted by Huxley in two important memoirs of the British Geological Survey (Decades X and XII, 1861 and 1866), is at present understood as comprising not more than six No. l8.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 43 well recognized genera, among which the most satisfactorily known are Coelacanthns proper, Macropoma and Undina. The typical genus enjoys the truly remarkable range from the Upper Devonian to the close of the Paleozoic, and, if the evidence of one or two doubtful forms be accepted, possibly even higher; the remaining genera extend throughout the Mesozoic, and ex- hibit such constancy of structural characters that the family has been frequently cited as one of the most distinct and well defined in the animal kingdom. Huxley, for instance, drew attention to its singular compactness and homogeneity in the following para- graph '} " The Ccelacanthini, as thus understood, are no less distinctly separated from other fishes than they are closely united to one another. In the form and arrangement of their fins ; the structure of the tail and that of the cranium ; the form and num- ber of the jugular plates; the dentition; the dorsal interspinous bones ; the pelvic bones ; the ossified air-bladder ; the Ccelacan- thini differ widely from either the Saurodipterini, the Glypto- dipterini, or the Ctenodipterini ; but, on the other hand, they agree with these families and differ from almost all other fishes, in the same respects as those in which the several families just mentioned have been shown to agree with one another, viz., the number of the dorsal fins, the location of the paired fins, the absence of branchiostegal rays and their replacement by jugular bones." Finally, concerning the extraordinary conservatism and per- sistence manifested by the group of Ccelacanth fishes ever since its introduction, the illustrious English biologist whom we have quoted expresses himself as follows: 2 " Bearing in mind the range of the Ccelacanths from the Car- boniferous [since ascertained to extend from the Devonian] to the Chalk formation inclusive, the uniformity of organization of the group appears to be something wonderful. I have no evidence as to the structure of the base and side walls of the skull in Coelacanthus, but the data collected in the present Decade 1 Huxley, T. H, Preliminary Essay upon the Systematic Arrangement of the Fishes of the Devonian Epoch, prefixed to the Tenth Decade of the Figures and Descriptions illustrating British Organic Remains (1861, p. 20). 2 Illustrations of the Structure of the Crossopterygian Ganoids. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, Decade xii, 1866. Reprinted in the supple- mentary volume of the Scientific Memoirs of Thomas Henry Huxley, 1903, P- 65. 44 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. shows that, in every other particular save the ornamentation of the fin-rays and scales, the organization of the Ccelacanths has remained stationary from their first recorded appearance to their exit. They are remarkable examples of what I have elsewhere termed " persistent types ;" and, like the Labyrinthodonts, assist in bridging over the gap between the Palaeozoic and the Mesozoic faunae." The earliest known American representative of this family is a typical Coelacanth, described as Coclacanthus welleri, 1 from the Lower Kinderhook (base of the Mississippian series) of Iowa. Three other species are known from the Coal Measures of Ohio and Illinois, but none from later horizons until we meet with the very remarkable and in some respects degenerate (e. g. f as regards loss of certain of its head bones and most of its tail) Diplurus in the " Newark " rocks of the Atlantic border region. So far as known, this genus comprises but a single large species, D. longicaudatus, which is common to both the Connecticut Valley and New Jersey areas. A vicarious form, to use a Ger- man expression, or perhaps what President Jordan would call a " geminate species " or genus, 2 is represented in the Perledo limestone of Lombardy by Heptancma paradoxum Bellotti. Genus Diplurus Newberry. Supplementary caudal fin prominent, with much elongated pedicle ; fin-rays robust, closely articulated in the distal half ; pre- axial rays of the first dorsal and caudal fins with spinous tubercles. Scales and head bones irregularly striated, and some of the latter finely granulated. Diplurus longicaudatus Newberry. 1878. Diplurus longicaudatus J. S. Newberry, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., i, p. 127. 1888. Diplurus longicaudatus J. S. Newberry, Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., xiv, p. 74, pi- 20. 1891. Diplurus longicaudatus A. S. Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., pt. 2, p. 409. 1905. Diplurus longicaudatus C. R. Eastman, N. J. Geol. Surv. Rept. for 1904, p. 101. 1 Journ. Geol., 1908, xvi, p. 357. 2 Jordan, D. S., The law of geminate species. Am. Nat., 1908, xlii, p. 73- No. l8.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 45 The type and only known species, attaining a total length of about 70 cm. to the tip of the supplementary caudal fin, and maximum depth of trunk about 20 cm. Anterior dorsal fin strong, supported by a single large laminar axonost; the lobate posterior dorsal nearly opposite the anal, and corresponding to it in form and size. Caudal fin much elongated, and separated from the supplementary caudal by a distinct interval. Paired fins obtusely lobate. Scales large, cycloidal, and deeply over- lapping ; the exposed portion marked with fine longitudinal rugae ; teeth unknown. This large Crossopterygian is of extremely rare occurrence, being known by a scant half-dozen individuals, of which two, in- cluding the type, were obtained from near Boonton, New Jersey, and the others, very imperfect, from Durham, Connecticut. Most of the remains are now preserved in the American Museum of Natural History in New York, but there is one distorted ex- ample of the lower jaw in the Museum of Wesleyan University at Middletown (Cat. No. 846), which was collected by Mr. S. W. Loper from the anterior shales. Unfortunately this speci- men shows no satisfactory indication of teeth, but appearances are at least suggestive that these were slender and conical. The external surface of the bone is finely granulated. Order ACTINOPTERYGII. Paired fins non-lobate, having an extremely abbreviated en- doskeletal portion, and the dermal rays prominent. Caudal fin abbreviate-diphycercal, heterocercal, or homocercal. A single paired series of transversely elongated rays, with or without an anterior azygous element, developed in the branchiostegal mem- brane between the mandibular rami. Suborder CHONDROSTEI. Sturgeons. In these fishes, the oldest and most primitive of the Actin- opterygii, the notochord is more or less persistent, the supports of the xlorsal and anal fins are less numerous than the dermal rays apposed to them, the paired fins more abbreviate than in the Crossopterygian order, and the tail is completely heterocer- cal. Primitive sturgeons differ also from the fringe-finned 46 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. ganoids in the development of a paired series of transversely elongated branchiostegal rays to replace the pair of jugular plates between the mandibular rami ; infraclavicular plates, however, are retained in both groups. Nearly all the older forms have a well developed rhombic and ganoid squamation. So far as known, the chondrocranium is but little ossified, and the cranial bones are mainly dermal. The evolutionary history of the sturgeon tribe is thus sum- marized by Professor Bridge in the Cambridge Natural History volume on Fishes (1904, p. 485) : " The Chondrostei are first represented in the Lower Devonian by the solitary Palasoniscid genus Cheirolepis, a contemporary of the earliest Crossopterygii. They occur throughout the Mesozoic period, except in the Cretaceous, and also in the Eocene, and, while steadily diminishing in number and variety, they gradually approximate to their degenerate and in some respects highly specialized descendants, the sturgeons and paddlefishes of the existing fish fauna. Of the seven families included in the group, the Palaeoniscidae are the oldest and most generalized. The Platysomatidse are a specialized offshoot from the Palseoniscidae, and, if they are rightly to be considered as Chondrostei, perhaps the same may be said of the problematic Belonorhynchidse. On the other hand, there are certain features which indicate an ap- proach to Fishes of an altogether more modern type. Finally, the Chondrostei represent a stage in a career of degeneration, the climax of which is reached by the modern Polyodontidae and Acipenseridse." Family CATOPTERID^. Trunk elongate or elongate-fusiform; tail abbreviate-hetero- cercal. Head bones well developed, ganoid; no median series of cranial roof-bones ; teeth slender, conical; eye far forward, and snout prominent; mandibular suspensorium more or less obliquely directed backward and downward. A series of branchi- ostegal rays present. Dorsal fin single and not much extended. Scales rhombic, ganoid. This short-lived family, in which are comprised not more than three closely related genera {Cat opt ems, Perleidus, and Dictyopyge), appears in the early Mesozoic just as the large and successful group of Palseoniscid fishes are entering upon their No. l8.] TRUSSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 47 decline. Derived in all probability from the ancient Palseoniscid stock, and still retaining certain of its characteristics, these genera represent an advance over primitive sturgeons in the di- rection of the next higher suborder (Protospondyli), yet without marking a definite transition to that group. The upper lobe of the tail has become shortened, although still heterocercal ; and in Dictyopyge at least the supports of the anal fin are recorded as fewer in number than the apposed dermal rays. The family is accompanied in the Trias by other Chondrosteans which be- came eel-shaped (Belonorhynchidse) and died out during that period. Still others, which gradually lost their scaly covering and head bones (Chondrosteus) , continued to survive, and are represented by the sturgeons of the present day. The relations of this family are, therefore, with modern sturgeons rather than with the two surviving genera of Protospondyli, Amia and Lepidosteus. Genus Catopterus Redfield. (Syn. Redfteldius Hay.) Trunk elegantly fusiform, head relatively small, tail hemi- heterocercal. External bones more or less ornamented with ridges and tubercles of ganoine; no median series of cranial roof-bones. Fins of moderate size, consisting of robust rays, more or less enameled, and distally bifurcated; fulcra well de- veloped, short and closely set. Dorsal and anal fins triangular, the origin of the former behind that of the latter; caudal fin forked. Scales large or of moderate size, nearly or quite smooth, and serrated along their postero-inferior margin ; dorsal ridge-scales not much enlarged. Teeth numerous, small, acutely conical. This genus appears to be restricted to the Atlantic Border Trias of North America, although a supposed Catopterid genus, named Perleidus by De-Alessandri, occurs in the Ladinian lime- stone of Lombardy, and the still more closely related genus Dictyopyge is of world-wide distribution. It is to be noted that remains of Catopterus are on the whole less abundant than those of the accompanying genus Semionotus, both in the Connecticut Valley area and in New Jersey, and as a rule they are less well preserved. Nevertheless, the characters 48 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. presented by the former genus are so well marked and distinctive that there is seldom any difficulty in determining even the most fragmentary individuals. The most obvious peculiarity of the genus consists, as the name implies, in the remote position of the dorsal fin. In Semionotus the dorsal is always anterior to the anal fin, in Catopterus it is either opposite or posterior. The margins of all the fins are closely set with fine fulcra, in such wise that they present a delicately fringed appearance, and the fin-rays themselves are very numerous, finely articulated, and enameled. Other noticeable differences consist in the orna- mented condition of the cranial bones, and serration of the hinder margin of the scales. Whereas the genus Semionotus is represented in this country by half a dozen or more species, its associates Catopterus and Dictyopyge comprise a much smaller number, in fact not more than one or two each. After a critical study of differential characters we are forced to admit that only two species of Catop- terus are capable of being clearly distinguished. These are C. gracilis Redfield and C. redfieldi Egerton, both founded on large and nearly complete fishes which differ from one another chiefly as regards proportions of body and scale characters. The so-called C. parvulus Redfield is probably to be regarded as the young of C. gracilis, and the species named by Newberry C. minor and C. ornatus are supposed to stand in a similar relation to C. redfieldi. Catopterus gracilis J. H. Redfield. (Plates IX-XI.) 1837. Catopterus gracilis J. H. Redfield, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. N. Y., iv, p. 37, pi. 1. 1 841. Catopterus gracilis W. C. Redfield, Am. Journ. Sci., [1] xli, p. 27. 1841. Catopterus gracilis E. Hitchcock, Final Rept. Geol. Mass., ii, pp. 44°, 460. 1888. Catopterus gracilis J. S. Newberry, Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., xiv, p. 55, pi. 16, figs. 1-3. 1895. Catopterus gracilis A. S. Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., iii, p. 2. 1905. Catopterus gracilis C. R. Eastman, Ann. Rept. N. J. Geol. Surv. for 1904, p. 96. No. l8.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 49 The type species, attaining a total length of about 25 cm. Length of head with opercular apparatus about equal to maximum depth of trunk, and contained five times in the total length of the fish ; depth of caudal pedicle somewhat less than one-half that of the abdominal region. Cranial bones finely granulated. Pelvic fins arising about midway between the pectorals and anal ; dorsal and anal fins subequal in size, and almost completely opposed. Scales smooth, none deeper than broad, those of the flank in the abdominal region very finely serrated. The fin-formula given for this species in the original descrip- tion by J. H. Redfield is as follows : D. 10-12; C. 30-40; A. 20-30; V. circa 8; P. 10-12. In the additional notes on this form drawn up by the elder Redfield, it is stated that " the pectoral fins are of an elongated form, and are strengthened on the anterior margin by one or two large and partly flattened rays, to the front of which the fringe of fine ray lets [fulcra] is attached. Owing to this peculiarity of structure, the smallest section of the pectoral fin will often serve to identify this species." Although the form of body in this species is usually more slender than in C. redfieldi, it sometimes happens that distorted specimens, in which the anterior part of the trunk has become k shortened up " by mechanical deformation, simulate the deeper- bodied species in outline and general proportions. Conversely, also, the greater depth of body in C. redfieldi as compared with the genotype is often obscured by the familiar hazard of vertical compression, a circumstance which has frequently led to a con- fusion of the two species. Indeed, this very circumstance happens to be illustrated in the case of one of the original cotypes upon which the species was established by the younger Redfield; and so impressed was Newberry with the idea that the depth of body had become reduced by fortuitous agency that he actually proposed to cancel the specific name bestowed upon it by the original author, because, as he avers, for a fish which " in its normal condition has nearly the outline of the shad the name of Catopterus gracilis is inappropriate and conveys a false impression." 50 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Arbitrary and captious as Newberry's procedure appears to the modern systematist, such license was by no means uncom- mon, and, indeed, seems to have been not only tolerated but ap- proved by the best paleontological authorities of his day. Nowa- days, when nomenclatural codes are much more rigidly en- forced, it would be contrary to all rule to abandon a valid specific name because of either a real or imaginary incongruity of mean- ing, and in cases where the name originally bestowed upon a species has become displaced for no more cogent reason than this, the tendency is to reinstate it. In the present instance it cannot be said that Newberry's proposal has become generally adopted, nor has it the sanction of long established usage ; hence the only course open to us is to continue to recognize the original of Redfield's figure as one of the authentic cotypes of this species. We are indebted to the generosity of Professor Schuchert for the privilege of reproducing a photograph of this well pre- served exemplar (Plate IX), which is now the property of Yale University Museum. In this will be noted inter alia the Pal- seoniscid-shaped head, forwardly placed orbit, and tolerably distinct outlines of facial and cranial plates. The mandible, un- fortunately, is missing, the striated opercular and tuberculated cheek plates are arranged after a different pattern from the corresponding parts in the Semionotidae, and there is no clear indication of either a circumorbital ring or of branchiostegal rays. Another nearly complete example of the same species is il- lustrated in Plate X. Like the first, it was obtained from near Durham, Connecticut, but from a somewhat higher level, the horizon being that known as the posterior shale. 1 Mr. S. W. Loper, who collected it, remarks that this is the only good speci- men ever obtained from the beds in question, after many years of fruitless search. The specimen is remarkable for its well preserved squamation, and it also reveals the outline of the head much more satisfactorily than the Redfield cotype. The mandible is 1 Most of the fossil fishes in the Connecticut valley have been found at two well- marked horizons. One stratum of black shale lies between the lower (anterior, Perci- val) and the thick middle or main lava sheet, another between the main and the upper (posterior, Percival) lava sheet. These two fossiliferous strata have been called accordingly the anterior and the posterior black shale. Davis and Loper, Two Belts of Fossiliferous Black Shale in the Triassic Formation of Connecticut. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., ii, pp. 415-430. r No. l8.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 5 1 Palaeoniscid-like, and still carries a few minute teeth. Remains of the same species are common to both the New England and New Jersey areas. Catopterus redfieldi Egerton. (Figs. 5, 6.) 1847. Catopterus redfieldi Sir P. G. Egerton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, iii, p. 278. 1888. Catopterus redfieldi J. S. Newberry, Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., xiv, p. 53, pi. 15, figs. 1-3. 1895. Catopterus redfieldi A. S. Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Museum, pt. 3, p. 3. 1903. Catopterus redfieldi, F. Freeh, Lethaea geognostica, Part 2, Trias, p. 12, text-pl. 7, fig. 2. 1905. Catopterus redfieldi C. R. Eastman, Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv. N. J. for 1904, p. 98. This species is described by its founder as " broader than the preceding [C. gracilis], and with scales not so long in proportion to their depth." The original definition has been supplemented by a number of differential characters observed by Newberry, and the extended description given by the American author has been condensed by Smith Woodward into the following para- graph : "A comparatively robust species as large as the type. Length of head with opercular apparatus not more than two-thirds as great as the maximum depth of the trunk, and contained nearly six times in the total length of the fish ; depth of caudal pedicle equaling about one-third that of the abdominal region. Cranial bones finely granulated. Pelvic fins arising midway between the pectorals and anal ; dorsal and anal fins nearly equal in size, and the former arising opposite to the middle of the latter. Scales mostly smooth, but sometimes in part longitudinally striated, the striae terminating in the coarse serrations of the posterior border which characterize the principal flank-scales ; many of the flank-scales deeper than broad." Neither in this nor in any other species of Catopterus has the structure of the head and shoulder-girdle been satisfactorily worked out, these parts being as a rule too imperfectly preserved 52 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. for study. Nevertheless, an attempt was made in this direction by J. S. Newberry, and it is perhaps worthy of nofe that the material upon which his restorations were based, together with certain unpublished figures and manuscript notes, are now the property of the American Museum of Natural History. For the privilege of studying both the original material and the records of Newberry's interpretation of them, the writer is indebted to the courtesy of his friend Dr. Bashford Dean, Curator of fossil fishes in the American Museum of Natural History in New York. With his permission, two of Newberry's original drawings are reproduced for the first time in Figs. 5 and 6, one rep- resenting the head portion viewed from above and to one side, the other from below. With reference to the specimens serving as the basis of New- berry's restorations it may be remarked that the larger and more perfect (the one shown in Fig. 5, Cat. No. 2431) has the head portion preserved in the form of an impression, wherein certain sutural indications are plainly visible, others less clearly so. Three drawings of this specimen occur among Newberry's reli- quiae, all bearing explanatory legends in his handwriting. From a careful collation of these with the original it appears that our author was mistaken in his reading of several parts of the cranial osteology, more particularly as regards the cheek plates and opercular apparatus, and it is a question whether he has not sometimes mistaken grooves of the sensory canal system for suture lines. But at the same time it must be admitted that precisely in these particulars, owing to lack of definiteness in the impression, there is room for considerable latitude of interpretation, and that after all a final judgment cannot be based upon this single specimen standing alone, without the aid of well authenticated points of control derived from comparison of a large quantity of material. No single specimen has yet come to light which reveals the lateral aspect of the head in thoroughly satisfactory manner, and any attempt to correct or improve upon Newberry's restoration must proceed from a mosaic built up of overlapping sections. Much effort has been expended by the present writer in this direction, and some progress has been made towards elaborating the complete cranial structure. Yet the work is No. l8.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 53 still incomplete, and, owing to deficiency of reliable material, the time has not yet come when a thoroughly satisfactory and authentic restoration can be given of the head. For the present,, however, we may content ourselves with calling attention to the general Palaeoniscid-like arrangement of the cranial plates, as far as the details have been worked out; and, in default of a tentative figure showing these parts, we may refer the reader to the different types portrayed in Fig. 7 on page 59, with special emphasis upon the approach made by Catopterus to the early and more primitive models. A few words may be said in regard to the second of New- berry's drawings, which has this in common with the first, and indeed with all pioneer studies ; that, however we may judge of its accuracy, it is at least an interesting historical document, and has a certain intrinsic value in so far as it acquaints us with a graphic presentation of the author's views at the stage he had then attained in his investigations. In Fig. 6 is represented Professor Newberry's idea of the structure of the under side of the head. A comparison of his drawing with the original speci- men (Cat. No. 635 G) shows that the head is much distorted, the clavicle and infraclavicle being displaced far forwards, and thereby producing a very deceptive appearance. It may be stated positively that no median jugular plate is present, nor is any trace to be seen of the branchiostegal apparatus. The space included within the angle formed by the mandibular rami ap- pears to have been covered in part by rhombic ganoid scales, in part by indurated skin ornamented, with papillae, but not oc- cupied by distinct plates. Both of Newberry's originals were obtained from near Durham, Connecticut. By way of summarizing the few definitely known facts that have been gleaned from a comparison of very numerous cranial fragments belonging to this species, the following points may be noted: The head is in general Palseoniscid-like. There is a pair of small parietals behind, in front of which are placed the narrow and elongate frontals, traversed longitudinally by sensory canals; and these are succeeded in turn by a median ethmoid of the form shown in Newberry's drawing (Fig. 5, e). This median system of plates is bounded on either side by three pairs of lateral plates which may be designated as the squamosal, post- frontal, and prefrontal. There is no circumorbital ring, and the 54 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. suborbitals are apparently few in number. The preoperculum is inconspicuous, and the posteriorly enlarg-ed maxillary re- sembles or at least suggests in form that of Paleozoic Chon- drostei. It is beset with numerous and there is also a small dentigerous preserved in the dissociated state. The distribution of C. rediieldi is type species, and, like the latter, it is than in any other locality. fine, acutely conical teeth, premaxilla which is often identical with that of the more abundant at Durham No. l8.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 55 Besides the two species we have just noticed, names have been proposed for several others whose status is very uncertain. Some are doubtless to be regarded as young individuals belong- ing to one or the other of the above characterized forms, and the types upon which others are founded defy adequate descrip- tion. In the opinion of Smith Woodward, as remarked by him in Part III of his " Catalogue of Fossil Fishes," the so-called Catopterns minor Newberry is probably founded on immature and variously distorted examples of C. redfieldi. Further, the same author regards it as uncertain whether the type of C. ornatus Newberry should be associated with this species or some other. " The type," he says, " is a unique, much distorted, small specimen from Durham, which seems to have been chemi- cally eroded in such a way as to display the concentric lines of growth in the scales" (loc. cit., p. 3). It should be said with reference to this last statement that the concentric markings of the scales, which seem to be correlated with a subovate form of the latter, are to be seen only along a part of the flank, where the body has been much twisted upon itself. They fail to show in the impression which is visible of the opposite side of the body; and these two facts taken together tend to strengthen the belief that they are of accidental origin. Genus Dictyopyge Egefton. Distinguished from Catopterus only by the more anterior position of the dorsal fin, which never arises behind the origin of the anal. Dictyopyge macrura W. C. Redfield. 1841. Catopterus macrurus W. C. Redfield, Am. Journ. Sci., [1] xli, p. 27. 1847. Dictyopyge macrura Sir P. G. Egerton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, iii, p. 276, pi. 8; pi. 9, fig. I. 1857. Catopterus macrurus W. C. Redfield, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1856, pt. 2, p. 186. 1888. Dictyopyge macrura J. S. Newberry, Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., xiv, p. 64, pi. 18, figs. 1, 2. 1895. Dictyopyge macrura A. S. Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., pt. 3, p. 4, fig. 1. 56 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. 1905. Dictyopyge macrura C. R. Eastman, Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv. N. J. for 1904, p. 99, pi. 13. 1 A species attaining a total length of about 15cm. Length of head with opercular apparatus somewhat less than the maximum depth of the trunk, and contained nearly five times in the total length of the fish; depth of caudal pedicle less than one-half of that of the abdominal region. Cranial bones externally orna- mented with fine granulations. Pelvic fins arising midway be- tween the pectorals and anal fin ; dorsal at least as high as long, arising slightly in advance of the anal, and nearly as large as the latter ; anal with about 30 rays, and extending almost to the base of the caudal fin. Scales smooth, not serrated. This, the type species of the genus, was originally described under the name of Catopterus macrurus, but was afterwards held by Sir Philip Grey Egerton to be excluded from association with the latter genus on account of the following differential characters: (1) "the dorsal fin is more strictly opposite to the anal than in Catopterus redfieldi ;" and (2) " having a homo- cereal tail, it cannot be comprehended in it." It was pointed out by the elder Redfield, however, who denied that Dictyopyge was entitled to rank as an independent genus, that the type species was in reality no less heterocercal than other Catopteridse, and " with the other common characters the slight difference in the position of the fins had in his judgment only a specific value." The close resemblance between the two genera, Catopterus and Dictyopyge, was also remarked by Newberry, who observes: " The only differences which I can specify between our com- monest species of Catopterus and Dictyopyge are the broader operculum, the narrower scales of the belly, and the less deeply forked tail of the latter." This species occurs typically in the Upper Trias of the Virginia Coal field, and its presence has not previously been reported elsewhere. There is, however, in the collection be- longing to the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge a single specimen (Cat. No. 2531), labelled as having been de- rived " probably from Middletown, Connecticut," and erroneously referred in the above-cited publication to the type species of Catopterus. Regarded as a young individual of that species, it was figured under that name by the present writer in the Report 1 The original of this plate is here incorrectly assigned to Catopterus. No. l8.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 57 of the State Geologist of New Jersey for 1904. A reconsidera- tion of its characters, however, especially the remote position of the dorsal fin, and the appearance of the squamation and oper- cular plates, leaves little room to doubt that its affinities art with Dictyopyge. Nor does any good reason appear for doubt- ing the trustworthiness of the record of the locality whence the specimen was derived. The micaceous grains in the matrix are a characteristic feature of the Connecticut Valley sandstone, and the general appearance of the rock is wholly dissimilar to the prevailing type of deposit occurring either in New Jersey or Virginia. For the present, therefore, the evidence of this speci- men must be accepted as proving the presence of Dictyopyge in the Connecticut Valley area. Suborder PROTOSPONDYLI. In this suborder, as distinguished from Paleozoic and early Mesozoic Chondrosteans, the median fins become absolutely com- plete, in that each separate ray has its own individual sup- port. At the same time the upper lobe of the tail is considerably shortened, so that the caudal fin forms a flexible fan-shaped expansion at the blunt end of the body. The members of this suborder chiefly characterize the Triassic and Jurassic periods, and exhibit endless variety; but their sole survivors at the present day are the long-bodied garpike (Lepidosteus) and bow- fin (Amid) of American fresh waters. Family SEMIONOTID^. Trunk more or less deeply fusiform, rarely cycloidal. Cranial and facial bones more or less robust, and opercular apparatus complete. Gape of mouth small, teeth styliform or modified for crushing. Notochord persistent, vertebrae not more than rings. Fin-rays robust, fulcra large, dorsal fin not extending more than one-half the length of the trunk. Scales rhombic, except oc- casionally in the caudal region. Genus Semionotus Agassiz. (Syn. Ischypterus Egerton.) Trunk fusiform. Marginal teeth slender, conical, somewhat spaced, inner teeth stouter ; opercular apparatus well developed, 58 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. with a narrow arched preoperculum. Ribs ossified. Fulcra un- usually large. Paired fins small, dorsal fin large, arising at or behind the middle of the back, and in part opposed to the rela- tively small anal; caudal fin slightly forked. Scales smooth or feebly ornamented, and the narrow overlapped margin pro- duced at the angles and at the superior border. Flank-scales not more than twice as deep as broad, the dorsal ridge-series of acuminate scales forming a prominent crest. (Woodward.) The cranial osteology of this genus is much more satisfactorily known than that of Catopterus, although information is still lacking in some particulars. The researches of Agassiz ac- quainted us in a general way with the structure of the head portion in S. nihsoni, from the Rhaetic of Sweden (see Plate VI), and in recent years our knowledge has been increased by the studies of E. Schellwien, Stromer, Tornquist, and other foreign writers, and by the careful work" of Dr. George F. Eaton of Yale in this country. Principal enlightenment has been gained from investigation of S". nihsoni, bergeri, cap en sis and agassizii. The more important cranial features may be briefly indicated as follows : The membrane bones of the cranial roof form a continuous shield, extending from the snout nearly to the occipital border. The two principal pairs of bones are the narrow and elongate frontals, reaching from the premaxillaries to behind the orbits, and the much shorter parietals in contact with them posteriorly. As a rule these pairs are not quite bilaterally symmetrical, but the sutures are more regular than in some other members of the same family. Skirting the lateral borders of the frontals, and extending also over the forward part of the parietals, are deep mucous canals, which are developed on the cerebral side of the bones, and hence not commonly visible in the outer aspect. Be- hind the parietals occur a pair of wedge-shaped plates corres- ponding to the supratemporals of Palaeoniscoids. These are followed in turn by the squamose posttemporals, which in most species resemble the like-named parts in primitive Chondrosteans. The squamosal is a plate of variable width and irregular shape abutting against the parietals and frontals. It is terminated anteriorly by a ring of circumorbitals, but its posterior limits are apparently not the same for all species. The circumorbitals, No. 18.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 59 UJ C/5 «- to O ,.. S o 5? O Q N S O QJ M s *7J «c ~* 3 Q »-« u. • a *2 '—^ •^ s w •° 2 | •oh £ <" o w ^5 *- ac « o b »- aU • « t, c a, •— ' -^ > ^i •> c$ 60 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. as their name implies, are a series of small plates surrounding the orbit. They are of polygonal contour (see Fig. 7), and are arranged in much the same fashion as in Lepidotus, those along the inferior border being of large size and extending some dis- tance in advance of the upper row. Indications of a mucous canal are observable over part of the circumorbital ring in some species. Immediately below these plates are situated the sub- orbitals, which are fewer and much larger than in Lepidotus, Dapedius, and related genera. The line of demarcation between the suborbitals and contiguous plates has not been satisfactorily determined in any species thus far investigated. 1 The postorbital is a large thin plate situated between the hindermost circum- orbitals and the operculum. It is sometimes in contact with the last-named plate posteriorly, as in 6\ bergeri and possibly in S. nilssoni, but may be entirely separated from it by the pre- operculum, as in 5\ capensis. The opercular apparatus consists of (1) a large operculum, of variable shape, but generally with a narrower upper border ; (2) a narrow, falciform preoperculum, with the mucous canal interrupted and appearing as a series of perforations; (3) a suboperculum, the exposed surface of which generally exhibits a sublimate outline ; and (4) a triangular interoperculum. The posterior borders of the operculum and interoperculum are em- braced by a large and heavy plate, often very conspicuous, the clavicle. This is similar to the preoperculum in form, but is much more solid, and its terminal angle in front is frequently thickened or otherwise prominent. It is succeeded behind by one or two enlarged postclavicular scales. There is a series of branchiostegal rays, but these, like the coracoid, are seldom * Nevertheless, the relations of these plates and also other details of the cranial osteology are shown with considerable clearness, amounting almost to certainty as regards some features, in a number of specimens of Semionotus from a locality a few miles north of Guilford, Connecticut. The material referred to was collected nearly a score of years ago by Mr. Loper, and is now preserved in the U. S. National Museum at Washington. Peculiar conditions of weathering, and perhaps also the admixture of much argillaceous matter in the rock, are responsible for the excellent portrayal of details. These specimens suggest an image of what the facial and cranial elements should look like, but the image is blurred, and refuses to shape itself in hard and fast lineaments which are requisite for a dependable restoration. It seems better to resist the temptation to reconstruct the arrangement of bead parts from material which is highly suggestive but still not quite decisive. The same applies to well preserved specimens of Catopterus from the Connecticut Valley region, and to equally perfect examples of Perleidus from the Alpine province. No. l8.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 6l well preserved, and hence imperfectly known. The nature of the dentition has been sufficiently indicated in the foregoing family and generic diagnoses. Concerning the use or abandonment of Egerton's generic term "Ischypterus" we shall waste no time in killing dead lions. In this, as in previous articles on American Triassic fishes, the term in question is regarded merely as a synonym of Agassiz's earlier defined genus, Semionotus. We pass on now to a con- sideration of the different species occurring within the New England area. Semionotus agassizii (W. C. Redfield). (Plates I, II; Text-figure 8.) 1841. Palcconiscus agassizii W. C. Redfield, Am. Journ. Sci., [1] xli, p. 26. 1850. Ischypterus agassizii Sir P. G. Egerton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vi, p. 10. 1856. Ischypterus marshi W. C. Redfield, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., pt. 2, p. 188 (name only). 1888. Ischypterus agassizii J. S. Newberry, Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., xiv, p. 30, pi. 3, fig. 1. 1888. Ischypterus marshi J. S. Newberry, ibid., p. 28, pi. 2, fig. 1. 1903. Semionotus marshi G. F. Eaton, Am. Journ. Sci., [4] xv, p. 264, pi. 5, figs. 5, 9, 10, 12; pi. 6, figs. 1, 2. 1905. Semionotus agassizii C. R. Eastman, Ann. Rept. N. J. Geol. Surv. for 1904, p. 80, pi. 1; pi. 2, figs. 5, 9, 10, 12; pi. 3, figs. 1, 2; pi. 7, 8. A large and elegantly fusiform species, attaining a total length to the base of the caudal fin of about 25 cm., in which the length of the head and opercular apparatus is contained three and one- half times. The maximum depth occurs between the paired fins, where the number of longitudinal scale-rows is about twenty. The number of transverse scale-rows, counting along the lateral line, is about thirty-four. Scales everywhere large and thick. The boat-shaped dorsal ridge-scale covering the base of the dorsal fin anteriorly is rather small, rounded in front and not 62 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. No. 1 8.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 63 notched behind, the posterior" extremity prolonged instead into a fine point. Fins strong but relatively short-based, the caudal rather prominently furcate and with about seventeen rays. Dor- sal, anal, and pectoral fins with about fourteen fulcra each, the ventral with about twelve. Apparently four dorsal fin-fulcra originate on the dorsal line over the basal supports, the fifth being slightly less than one-half the length of the anterior fin- margin. The fin-formula is stated to be as follows: D. 9-10; C. 17; A. 9; P. 12. This is one of the largest and most striking of the fossil fishes occurring within the Connecticut Valley region, easily recognized by its gracefully proportioned outline, regular and heavy squama- tion, and thickness of head bones. Less abundant than either S. tenuiceps or S. fiiltus which accompany it, it is distinguished from the former of these by the following differential characters, as was first pointed out by Newberry: the dorsal ridge-scales, which are usually depressed, are less strongly developed than in S. tenuiceps, and " the arch of the back does not show the hump which is so characteristic of that species ; the fins are very strong ; the fulcra of the dorsal and anal fins unusually broad and long, forming arches nearly half an inch wide at the base, curving gracefully backward to a point." Remains of this species are common to both New Jersey and New England, the locality near Sunderland, Massachusetts, having furnished a number of excellently preserved specimens, including the type of the so-called Ischypterus marshi. A photo- graph of this particular individual is reproduced in Plate I of the present Report, and in Plate II is shown the head portion of the instructive example which served as the basis of Dr. Eaton's restoration, published in 1905. The originals of both plates are preserved in the Peabody Museum of Yale University, and equally perfect and important material is to be found in the American Museum of Natural History at New York. Other interesting specimens are the property of Amherst College and Wesleyan University, respectively. As long ago as 1845, the distribution of this species was stated by J. H. Redfield to be as follows: " Occurs at Sunderland, Mass. ; Westfield and Middle- field, Conn.; Pompton and Boonton, N. J." 1 1 Quoted by Newberry in his Monograph on Triassic Fishes, 1888, p. 30. 64 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Semionotus fultus (Agassiz). (Plate III.) 1836. PalcBoniscus fultus L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., ii, pt. 1, Pp. 4, 43, pl- 8, %s. 4, 5. 1 841. Palceoniscus fultus W. C. Redfield, Am. Journ. Sci., [i]xli, p. 25. 1 841. Palceoniscus macro pt cms W. C. Redfield, ibid., p. 25. 1847. Ischypterus fultus Sir P. G. Egerton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, iii, p. 2jy. 1850. Ischypterus fultus Sir P. G. Egerton, ibid.,, vi, pp. 8, 10. 1877. Ischypterus fultus R. H. Traquair, ibid., xxxiii, P- 559- 1888. Ischyptenps fultus J. S. Newberry, Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., xiv, p. 34, pl. 6, fig. 2; pl. 7, fig. 1. 1895. Semionotus fultus A. S. Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., pt. 3, p. 58. 1901. Semionotus fultus E. Schellwien, Phys.-okon.. Ge- sellsch. Konigsberg, p. 29, pl. 3, figs. 4 (?), 5. 1903. Semionotus fultus G. F. Eaton, Am. Journ. Sci., [4] xv, p. 261, pl. 5, figs. 1-4. 1905. Semionotus fultus C. R. Eastman, Ann.-Rept. N. J. Geol. Surv. for 1904, p. 83, pl. 2, figs. 1-4; pl. 9. The synonymy given above is that adopted by most recent writers. The two species, 6\ fultus and S. macropterus, were first united by J. H. Redfield in his paper presented before the American Association of Geologists and Naturalists in 1845, Du * were afterwards held by Newberry to be distinct on account of slight, and, as a matter of fact, inconstant differences in their body proportions. It is now commonly recognized that minor dif- ferences of this nature are the result of accidental conditions of preservation. Following are the chief diagnostic features of this species : D. 10; C. 15; A. 10; P. 10. A gracefully fusiform species attaining a total length to the base of the caudal fin of about 15 cm., in which the length of No. l8.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 65 the head and opercular apparatus is contained three and one- half times. The maximum depth of trunk, which is equal to about one-fourth of the total length, occurs midway between the head and dorsal fin, where there are about twenty longitudinal rows of scales. Scales of lateral line about thirty-three. Dorsal fin arising at mid-length, pectorals nearer to the anal than to the pelvic fins, arising opposite a point directly in advance of the dorsal. Caudal not much forked. Anal with ten rays, partly opposed to hinder half of the dorsal, its origin being on the third oblique scale-row in advance of the dorsal fin. Dorsal fin-fulcra about twelve ; anal ten ; ventral and pectoral ten each. Apparently four dorsal fin-fulcra originate on the dorsal margin over the interneurals. The fifth dorsal fulcrum has its origin adjacent to that of the first ray, and is about equal in length to one-half the anterior margin of the fin. Scales smooth and not serrated posteriorly, the deepest ones occurring in the fourth row behind the clavicular arch ; these are about twice as deep as they are wide in their exposed portion. Dorsal ridge-scales acuminate. As has been stated, the sole criterion relied upon by Newberry for maintaining the so-called S. macropterus as an independent species consisted in a supposed relatively greater depth of body, — " the fusiform and slender fish standing for /. fultus, and the broader one for /. macropterus" Curiously enough, it has been shown by Dr. Eaton, after a study of Newberry's originals in the American Museum of Natural History, that, whereas one of the specimens of >S\ macropterus in its compressed and flattened condition is deeper than a type of S. fultus, all the others are proportionally more slender. 1 J. H. Redfield, after advocating the suppression of the trivial title macropterus, remarks that 5". fultus is specially characterized by the length of the dorsal and anal fins, which are even longer than in 5\ tenuiceps. 2 In the New Jersey area, this species outnumbers all others in abundance, and in the Connecticut Valley Trias it is scarcely inferior in numerical importance to the ubiquitous 6\ tenuiceps. The average length of body is stated by Newberry to be about six inches, the maximum rarely exceeding eight inches, including the 1 hoc. cit., 1903, p. 262. 2 Cited by Newberry, 1888, p. 35. 5 66 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. caudal fin. In Plate III is given a photographic reproduction of one of the original specimens serving for Newberry's description. Semionotus tenuiceps (Agassiz). 1836. Eurynotus tenuiceps L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., ii, pt. 1, pp. 159, 203, pi. 14c, figs. 3, 4, 5. 1837. Palceoniscus latus J. H. Redfield, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. N. Y., iv, p. 38, pi. 2. 1837. Eurynotus tenuiceps J. H. Redfield, ibid., p. 39. 1841. Eurynotus tenuiceps E. Hitchcock, Geol. Mass., ii, p. 459, pi. 29, figs. 1, 2. 1841. Palceoniscus latus W. C. Redfield, Am. Journ. Sci., [1] xli, p. 25. 1850. Ischypterus latus Sir P. G. Egerton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vi, p. 10. 1857. Eurinotus ceratocephalus E. Emmons, Am. Geol., pt. 6, p. 144, pl. 9 a - i860. Eurinotus ceratocephalus E. Emmons, Manual Geol., 2d ed., p. 188, fig. 164. 1877. Ischypterus latus R. H. Traquair, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, xxxiii, p. 559. 1888. Ischypterus tenuiceps J. S. Newberry, Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., xiv, p. 32, pl. 5, figs. 1-3, pl. 7, fig. 3- 1889. Allolepidotus americanus W. Deecke, Palaeontogr., xxxv, pp. 103, 114. 1895. Semionotus tenuiceps A. S. Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., pt. 3, p. 59. 1903. Semionotus tenuiceps G. F. Eaton, Am. Journ. Sci., [4] xv, p. 295. 1905. Semionotus tenuiceps C. R. Eastman, Ann. Rept. N. J. Geol. Surv. for 1904, p. 87. A species attaining a total length of about 20 cm., and readily distinguished from all others (except in young stages) by the excessive development of the dorsal ridge-scales ; these are very large and conspicuous, and, in mature individuals, comparatively obtuse. The anterior dorsal outline is considerably arched, usually forming a characteristic "hump" immediately behind the head. Length of head and opercular apparatus less than the No. l8.] / TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 67 maximum depth of the trunk, and contained four times in the total length of the fish. Fins as in vS\ firitus. Scales smooth and serrated, those of the middle of the flank in part twice as deep as broad. The dorsal ridge-scale immediately in advance of the dorsal fin has its posterior border obtuse, and not pro- duced, and the corresponding ridge-scale in front of the anal fin is notched behind. Ribs more strongly developed than in any other species of the genus. This, the commonest form occurring within the Connecticut Valley area, is as a rule easily determinable, its most conspicuous features being the abrupt elevation of the dorsal outline im- mediately behind the head, and the spiny appearance of the back occasioned by its being set along the middle with long, thickened, and distally pointed or clavate ridge-scales. The ribs also are more strongly developed than in other species, their curved outlines being sometimes traceable even when covered with scales. Owing to the frequency with which this species has been illustrated, and the impossibility of mistaking it among collections of Triassic fishes, it has not been deemed essential to include a figure of it in the present Report. 5\ tenuiceps outnumbers all other species in the Connecticut Valley Trias, and is tolerably abundant also in New Jersey. At Turner's Falls and at Sunderland, Massachusetts, it is especially common, probably more than half of the individuals derived from the latter locality pertaining to this form. Semionotus micropterus (Newberry). (Plate IV.) 1888. Ischypterus micropterus J. S. Newberry, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vi, p. 127 (name only). 1888. Ischypterus micropterus J. S. Newberry, Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., xiv, p. 31, pi. 4, figs. 1, 2; pi. 12, fig. 2. 1893. Ischypterus newberryi S. W. Loper, Pop. Sci. News, March 18, and Pop. Science, May, 1899, p. 98. 1903. Semionotus micropterus G. F. Eaton, Amer. Journ. Sci., [4] xv, p. 263, pi. 5, figs. 6-8, 11, 13. 1905. Semionotus micropterus C. R. Eastman, Ann. Rept. N. J. Geol. Surv. for 1904, p. 87, pi. 2, figs. 6-8. 68 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. D. 8; C. 15; A. 8. A regularly fusiform species attaining a total length to the base of the caudal fin of about 20 cm., the maximum depth oc- curring shortly behind the pectoral fins and amounting sometimes to nearly one-half the total length. The dorsal and ventral con- tours are more strongly arched than in 5. fultus, but the relative position and size of the fins are about the same for both species. Dorsal, anal, and pectoral fin-fulcra relatively shorter than in S\ fultus. Apparently three dorsal fin-fulcra originate on the dorsal line over the interneurals. The fifth dorsal fulcrum has its origin on the anterior margin of the anterior ray at a considerable distance from its base, and is about one-third as long as the anterior fin-margin. Pectorals with upwards of twenty fulcra. Ridge-scales moderate, spiniform, the one immediately in advance of the dorsal fin slightly produced into a point behind. Scales frequently serrated, those below the lateral line on the flanks tending to become bi- or tridentate on the postero-inferior angle. This is a deeper-bodied species than any thus far considered, its rather strongly convex outline marking a transition between the types presented by S\ fultus, for instance, and 5. ovatus. Indeed, the approach to the last-named species in this respect is sometimes so close as to make a rigid distinction difficult without the aid of other characters. In the case of the specimen selected for illustration in Plate IV, Newberry himself appears to have been in doubt whether to refer it to S\ micropterus or S. ovatus, but finally decided in favor of the former, as shown by MS. records accompanying the original. The most reliable means for identifying the present species is furnished by fin characters, the details of which have been carefully worked out by Dr. Eaton in his paper of 1903, and are incorporated in the above definition. Remains of this species are fairly abundant in the Connecticut Valley Trias, and show considerable variation of size; that is to say, young individuals occur somewhat numerously, so that gradations may be traced up to the maximum recorded by New- berry. He states that the largest individuals known to him attain a length of ten and one-half inches, and the smallest are " only about three and one-half inches long." Corresponding with the last given dimension, and otherwise agreeing with the char- acters of this species, is the holotype of the late Mr. S. Ward No. l8.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 69 Loper's Ischypterus newberryi. The peculiarity to which Mr. Loper has called attention, namely, fine concentric scale-mark- ings, seems to have been occasioned by some form of chemical corrosion which has exposed the growth lines. A parallel in- stance has already been noticed in the case of Catopterus ornatus (supra, p. 55), and similar conditions are prevalent among fishes of the English Chalk. The original of Mr. Loper's description is of interest for showing a well preserved mandible beset with numerous slender teeth, and a very strongly developed support for the dorsal and anal fins. It is preserved in the Museum of Wesleyan University, and was obtained by Mr. Loper from the anterior shale near North Guilford, Connecticut. This species is not known to occur elsewhere than within the state of Connecticut, and is especially abundant in the vicinity of Durham. It is possible that the detached head figured by Dr. E. Schellwien in Plate 3, Fig. 4 of his memoir above cited belongs to S. micropterus, since this is one of the few species in which the cheek plates are granulated. Semionotus ovatus (W. C. Redfield). 1842. Palceoniscus ovatus W. C. Redfield, Am. Journ. Sci., [1] xli, p. 26. 1847. ( ?) Tetragonolepis Sir P. G. Egerton, Quart, Journ. Geol. Soc, iii, p. 2JJ. 1850. Ischypterus ovatus Sir P. G. Egerton, op. cit. vi, p. 10. 1888. Palceoniscus ovatus J. H. Redfield (quoted by New- berry), Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., xiv, p. 27. 1888. Ischypterus ovatus J. S. Newberry, loc. cit, p. 27, pi. i, fig. 1. 1903. Semionotus ovatus G. F. Eaton, Am. Journ. Sci., [4] xv, p. 266. 1905. . Semionotus ovatus C. R. Eastman, Ann. Rept. N. J. Geol. Surv. for 1904, p. 78, pi. 4-6. A large species attaining a total length of about 20 cm., with trunk very much deepened midway between the head and dorsal fin. Scales large and thick, becoming gradually deepened toward the middle of the flanks ; tail strong and considerably expanded. Number of dorsal and anal fin-fulcra greater than in any other JO CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. species, each fin having sometimes twenty or more. Length of the longest fulcrum of the dorsal fin nearly equalling one-half that of the anterior margin of the fin. In the original description of S. ovatus by William C. Red- field, it is stated that " it exceeds all the known American species in the comparative width or roundness of its form, and is also remarkable for the large size of its scales. It is of rare occur- rence, and, owing probably to its great thickness, is seldom ob- tained in a perfect form." The younger Redfield, commenting on the same species in 1854, pronounced it " the broadest and most ovate species of Palcconiscus that is known," and added further, that " in size of the scales it resembles P. Agassizii, but its form will readily distinguish it/' That is to say, the squama- tion is heavy, but the flank-scales are relatively deeper than in S. agassizii, and the form is also deeper-bodied, or more ovate. The Redfields, father and son, and also Newberry, agree in claiming for this species a distribution in both the Connecticut Valley and New Jersey Triassic basins. With this species New- berry also identifies a fragmentary individual from the Triassic Coal-field of Virginia, originally referred to Tetragonolepis by Sir Philip Grey Egerton. -Noteworthy is the fact that all the more perfect examples have been obtained from a single locality near Boonton, New Jersey, and the recognition of this species in outlying areas depends upon the evidence of unsatisfactory material. The present writer has thus far failed to discover a single undoubted example of the species in question from the Connecticut Valley Trias, yet this is by no means equivalent to saying that its remains do not occur in this region. It may per- haps be worth mentioning that in the Museum of Wesleyan University is preserved the anterior half of a deep-bodied fish (Cat. No. 869) whose specific relations cannot be accurately determined. It is labeled as belonging to 5". gigas, a " species ' which can be maintained only in a provisional sense. The so- called Semionotus robustus of Newberry is but little better known, and is doubtfully distinct from 5. ovatus, which it ap- proximates in size. A certain resemblance between the published figure of S. robustus and the imperfect deep-bodied specimen at Wesleyan University just referred to cannot be denied. Further evidence, however, is necessary before we can positively affirm the presence of S. ovatus in the New England area. No. l8.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. fl Extra-limital Species of Semionotus. At least three other valid species of Semionotus, besides those already enumerated, have been described from the Trias of Eastern North America. These are, 5\ lineatus, elegans, and brauni of Newberry. They are all confined to the New Jersey area, so far as known, and the last-named is from the very base of the Trias in that state, being separated from the Boonton horizon by an interval of several thousand feet. The limits set to the present Report do not admit of elucidating the characters of these species, which can by no possibility be confused with the members of our local fauna. Nevertheless, it has been thought desirable to offer an illustration of the form which has been appropriately named S. elegans by Newberry (Plate V), and also to show the head-portion of the type specimen of 5. nilssoni (Plate VI), which enabled Agassiz to decipher the main elements of the cranial structure of this genus. To the list of imperfectly defined or doubtful species, the status of which is merely provisional, must be added the names of the so-called Ischypterus parvus, founded upon a figure pub- lished in Hitchcock's Geology of Massachusetts, in 1835 ; Ischypterus minutus Newberry, from Durham, Connecticut; and Ischypterus beardmorei Smith, from Boonton, New Jersey. Of uncertain position also are the obscure remains of a Semionotus- like form described by Newberry under the name of Acentro- p horns chicopensis, the few known examples of which have been obtained from metamorphosed sandy shales near Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts. It will be convenient to notice at this point the status of an imperfectly known European form, described in the first instance by Deecke as a species of Semionotus, and recently made the type of a distinct genus (Perleidus) by De-Alessandri, who places it in association with the Catopteridse. The type species, P. altolepis (Deecke), occurs in the Ladinian beds of Perledo, Lombardy, and the original specimen upon which it is founded is preserved in the Senckenbergian Museum at Frankfurt. Deecke, in describing the species, remarked that it appeared to him to denote a transitional stage between the genera Semionotus and Pholidophorus. Schellwien. who later examined the speci- men, doubted whether it could properly be included in the genus *J2 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. Semionotus, but did not attempt to fix its systematic position more precisely. The reasons which in Professor De-Alessandri's opinion justify a removal of this species, and with it the new genus Perleidns, to the group of Catopterids, are enumerated by this author as follows : " The arrangement of the cranial elements, the form of the maxilla, especially its expanded posterior portion, the absence of suborbital plates, and the presence of a large-sized postorbital, compel an assignment of this form to the family of Catopteridse, and make it necessary for us to regard it as the type of a new genus. Moreover, the position and form of the fins, the rather feeble fulcra, the configuration of the scales with their strongly denticulated posterior border, and the absence of a series of acuminate dorsal ridge-scales, are characters which warrant a separation from the genus Semionotus." 1 The new genus Perlcidus is thus diagnosed by its founder: " Trunk elongate-fusiform, and head relatively small. Super- ficial ornament of the cranial plates consisting of rather fine tuberculations and rugae. Maxilla extended, and posteriorly en- larged. A series of circumorbitals present, but no suborbitals; one large postorbital plate present. Fins moderately developed, comprising robust articulated rays ; fulcra small. Dorsal fin situated opposite the pelvic pair ; caudal slightly forked. Scales rhomboidal, deeper than long, smooth on their exposed portion, their posterior border denticulated." 2 That the above-mentioned genus is well characterized there can be no doubt, and the reasons for excluding it from association with Semionotus are sufficiently valid. It must be admitted, however, that the form in question presents considerable resem- blance to Pholidophorus, and the position of the dorsal fin, which arises in advance of the anal, offers a marked contrast to the. condition observed in the family Catopteridse, from which con- dition indeed is derived the name of the typical genus. We prefer to accept the Milanese author's determination of the family position of this genus in a provisional sense, rather than to assign it elsewhere without having had opportunity to study the actual specimens. 1 Studii sui Pesci Triasici della Lombardia. Mem. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 1910, vii, 2 hoc. cit., p. 49. NO. l8.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 73 Family EUGNATHID^. Trunk fusiform or elongate, not much laterally compressed. Cranial and facial bones moderately robust, externally enameled, and opercular apparatus complete ; gape of mouth wide, snout produced, marginal teeth conical and larger than the inner teeth. Fin-rays robust, articulated, and distally divided; fulcra con- spicuous. Dorsal fin short and acuminate. Scales rhombic, sometimes with rounded posterior angles. Genus Ptycholepis Agassiz. Trunk elegantly fusiform; snout acutely pointed and promi- nent; external bones highly ornamented with prominent waved ridges ; marginal teeth very small and regular ; dorsal fin in advance of anal, caudal fin forked ; scales all narrow and elongate, marked with deep longitudinal grooves. Fulcra biserial, con- spicuous on all the fins excepting the dorsal. Ptycholepis marshi Newberry. (Plates VII, VIII.) 1878. Ptycholepis marshi J. S. Newberry, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., i, p. 127. 1888. Ptycholepis marshi J. S. Newberry, Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., xiv, p. 66, pi. 19, figs. 1, 2. 1895. Ptycholepis marshi A. S. Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., pt. 3, p. 324. 1905. Ptycholepis marshi C. R. Eastman, Ann. Rept. N. J. Geol. Surv. for 1904, p. 100. 1908. Ptycholepis marshi L. Hussakof, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxv, p. 95. A species of slender proportions, attaining a length of about 20 cm. Head with opercular apparatus occupying somewhat more than one-fourth the total length of the fish. Ornamental rugse of cranial roof slightly radiating; those of the facial and opercular plates more or less parallel and forked. Dorsal fin far forwards, and pelvic fins arising opposite its hinder extremity. Scales exhibiting only longitudinal ridges and furrows, and the hinder border often deeply serrated. (Woodward.) 74 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. This gracefully formed and elaborately ornamented species is known by a dozen or more examples, all derived from a single locality near Durham, Connecticut. Among these are several excellently preserved individuals, including the type shown in Plate VII, material which might be expected under ordinary cir- cumstances to yield valuable enlightenment concerning cranial structure. Progress in this direction, however, is subject to the limitations imposed by the peculiar nature of the head bones themselves : that is to say, by the highly sculptured and heavily enameled outer surface which completely conceals suture lines. It is nevertheless permissible to draw certain inferences con- cerning the extent and arrangement of plates forming the cranial roof by noting the centers of radiation and territory traversed by the superficial radiating rugae; and the general pattern thus revealed has been found to agree with typical Eugnathidae. The dorsal aspect of the cranial roof, together with some of the facial bones and opercula, is favorably exposed for study in the specimen represented in Plate VIII, the original being preserved in the Yale Museum (Cat. No. 2608). The lateral aspect is even more favorably shown in the original of Plate VII, which is the property of Wesleyan University Museum (Cat. No. 907). This example, though of a young individual, is admirable for its presentation of fin and scale structure, and for showing the normal body contour. In connection with the distribution of this form, it should be recalled that its accompaniment by Semionotus, Catopterus and a Crossopterygian genus (Diplurus) is a fact of capital im- portance in assigning the fauna in question to a horizon equivalent to the Upper Muschelkalk and Lower Keuper of the European marine Trias. All the evidence derived from a study of the fossil fishes is in favor of establishing a correlation at a level embracing these two horizons, but probably not extending higher than the basal division of the Keuper in the Mediterranean region. 1 For a recent review of the evidence for establishing an 1 That is, the Newark fauna cannot be regarded as younger than the faunas of Besano, Lombardy, and of Raibl, Carinthia (Lower Alpine Keuper), which mark the uppermost range of one of the intercommunal genera Ptycholepis. The Upper Muschel- kalk (Ladinian) terms of comparison are furnished by two Semionotid genera, one Captopterid, and one Crossopterygian, according to the revised determinations of Professor G. De-Alessandri (1910). No. l8.] TRIASSIC FISHES OF CONNECTICUT. 75 inter-regional correlation of the Trias, based upon another class of remains than fossil fishes, we may be permitted to refer at this point to Dr. J. C. Merriam's elaborate memoir on "Triassic Ichthyosauria, with special reference to American forms " (es- pecially the chapter on Geologic and Geographic occurrence, pp. 12-20) . 2 The evidence as to the age of the Triassic forma- tion of eastern North America which is furnished by reptilian remains (*. e., numerous footprints and a few skeletons of Dino- saurs) will be discussed in a forthcoming Bulletin of the Con- necticut State Survey by Professor R. S. Lull of Yale University. In conclusion, the writer of the present article desires to acknowledge his indebtedness and at the same time return hearty thanks to the following named friends and colleagues who have shown him many courtesies and placed numerous facilities at his disposal, thereby greatly aiding the preparation of this Report: Professor William North Rice and the late Mr. S. W. Loper of Wesleyan University; Professor Charles Schuchert and Dr. George F. Eaton of Yale; Professor B. K. Emerson and F. B. Loomis of Amherst; Professor Bashford Dean and Dr. E. O. Hovey of the American Museum of Natural History, New York ; and the authorities of the U. S. National Museum at Washington. 2 Memoirs of the Univ. of California, 1908, i, no. 1, pp. 1-196, pi. 1-18. Index of Genera and Species. Acanthodes sulcatus, 15. gracilis, 15. Acentrophorus chicopensis, 71. Acrodus, 34. Allolepidotus americanus, 27, 66. Amia, 18, 47, 57. Asteracanthus, 34. Calamoichthys, 16. Catopterus, 32, 47, 74. gracilis, 48. macmrus, 55. minor, 43, 55. ornatus, 48, 55. parvulus, 48. redfieldi, 48, 51, 54. Cephalaspis murchisoni, 14. Ceratites trinodosus, 24. Cheirolepis, 46. Chondrosteus, 47. Cladoselache fyleri, 16. Climatius scu tiger, 15. Ccelacanthus 43. welleri. 44. Cosmacanthus, 34. Dapedius, 60. Dictyopyge, 55. macrura, 55. Diplunis, 31, 44, 74. longicaudatus, 44, 74. Dipterus valenciennesi, 17. Ecphora quadricostata, 39. Eurynotus ceratocephalus, 66. temiiceps, 66. Heptanema paradoxum, 31, 44. Heterolepidotus, 27. Holoptychius, 34. Hybodus, 30, 34. Ischypterus, 24, 57, 61. agassizii, 61. beardmorei, 71. fultus. 64, 65. latus, 66 macropterus, 64. marshi. 61. micropterus, 67. minutns, 71. newberryi. 67, 69. parvus, 71. ovatus, 69. tenuiceps, 66. Lepidosteus, 18, 47, 57. Lepidotus, 60. Leptolepis, 18. Macropoma, 43. Megalonyx jeffersoni, 39. Mesacanthus mitchelli, 15. Nematoptychius, 59. Palseoniscus, 59. agassizii, 61. fultus, 64. latus, 66. macropterus, 64. ovatus, 69. Perleidus. 46, 47, 60, 72. altolepis, 27, 71. Pholidophorus, 18, 35, 71, 72. Polypterus, 16. Protopterus, 18. Ptycholepis, 31, 73, 74. marshi, 73. Redfieldius, 47. Rhabdolepis, 59. Rhadinichthys, 59. Sagenodus, 18. Semionotus, 24, 40, 57, 74. agassizii, 61, 62. bergeri, 58. brauni 71. capensis, 58. elegans, 71. fultus, 64. gigas. 70. lineatus, 71. marshi, 61. micropterus, 67. nilssoni, 58, 71. ovatus, 69. robustus, 70. tenuiceps, 66. Tetragonolepis, 69, 70. Undina, 43- Urolepis, 32. Xenestes, 34. < -J Q a, -4-> X g £ o v- a, > ■+-> O en d ^3 O aS w •x a$ ^J a> — P4 •d C i— ■ ri T— < CO al en bfl